Closing
Do SGLT2 inhibitors improve all-cause mortality versus placebo?
Mostly studied in chronic kidney disease. Also asked against other treatments.
Not modeled yetTrial evidence exists, but no mechanistic model yetWithout a model there is no decisive experiment to propose. Help build it. →
Where the evidence stands
A coin flip. So far, the results disagree.
NoUnsureYes
- Belief
- 0.50 (range 0.00–0.55)
- Trials for
- 5
- Trials against
- 4
- Inconclusive
- 3
Already under way
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor for Amelioration of Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled TrialNCT07273838 · recruiting · started 2026
- SGL-TX-PTDM: SGLT2i Effect on PTDM Development and Kidney Allograft Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Randomized, Doubleblind, Placebo Controlled,…NCT07682350 · not yet recruiting · started 2026
- A Phase III, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Event-driven Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Baxdrostat in Combination With…NCT06742723 · recruiting · started 2025
- Dapagliflozin for Cardio-renal Protection After ICU Discharge: A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded, Multicenter Study: "DAPA-ICU Trial"NCT07025629 · recruiting · started 2025
- Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 DiabetesNCT06082063 · recruiting · started 2024
The evidence so far
- Registered trials
- 106
- With posted results
- 23
- Published papers
- 7
Of 61 decided analyses: 14 favor sglt2 inhibitors, 38 find no difference, 9 favor the comparator.
Papers
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, All-Cause Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.Meta-analysis / systematic review · 2021
- Evaluation of the Lifetime Benefits of Metformin and SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Two-Stage Meta-Analysis.Meta-analysis / systematic review · 2024
- Comparative efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitor class members in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Meta-analysis / systematic review · 2025
- Adverse drug events observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with 100 mg versus 300 mg canagliflozin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials.Meta-analysis / systematic review · 2017
- Impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on patient outcomes: a network meta-analysis.Meta-analysis / systematic review · 2023
- The impact of metformin on kidney disease progression and mortality in diabetic patients using SGLT2 inhibitors: a real-world cohort study.Observational study · 2025
Trials
- Comparative Cardiovascular and Renal Effectiveness and Safety of Empagliflozin and Other SGLT2i in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) With and Without Baseline Kidney Disease in the United StatesNCT05465317 · 15 posted results
- EMPACT-MI: A Streamlined, Multicentre, Randomised, Parallel Group, Double-blind Placebo-controlled Superiority Trial to Evaluate the Effect of EMPAgliflozin on Hospitalisation for Heart Failure and Mortality in Patients With aCuTe Myocardial InfarctionNCT04509674 · 6 posted results
- A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of In-Hospital Initiation of Dapagliflozin on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Who Have Been Stabilized During Hospitalization for Acute Heart Failure DAPAgliflozin and Effect on Cardiovascular Events in ACuTe Heart Failure -Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 68 (DAPA ACT HF-TIMI 68)NCT04363697 · 5 posted results
- A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of JNJ-28431754 on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adult Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes MellitusNCT01032629 · 5 posted results
- A Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, 90-day Superiority Trial to Evaluate the Effect on Clinical Benefit, Safety and Tolerability of Once Daily Oral EMPagliflozin 10 mg Compared to Placebo, Initiated in Patients Hospitalised for acUte Heart faiLure (de Novo or Decompensated Chronic HF) Who Have Been StabilisEd (EMPULSE)NCT04157751 · 2 posted results
- An International, Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on Reducing CV Death or Worsening Heart Failure in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)NCT03619213 · 6 posted results
- A Randomized, Double-blind, Event-driven, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study of the Effects of Canagliflozin on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic NephropathyNCT02065791 · 4 posted results
- Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin 10 mg Once Daily on the Incidence of Cardiovascular Death, Myocardial Infarction or Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Type 2 DiabetesNCT01730534 · 4 posted results