ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Time-Processing, Daily Time Management, and Autonomy in School-Age Children with ADHD Compared to Typically Developing Children and Children with Intellectual Disabilities-Different Patterns.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundChildren with ADHD and children with intellectual disability (ID) often have problems with daily time management (DTM). It is, however, less well-known how the underlying time-processing ability (TPA) may impact children's DTM and autonomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate DTM, TPA, and self-rated autonomy in the activities of everyday life among children aged 9-15 years with and without disabilities.
methodsThe participants were matched samples of children with ADHD (
resultsChildren with ADHD and children with ID had significantly lower TPA and DTM than TD children. Children with ADHD had even lower DTM than those with ID. Children with ADHD and ID have the same overall pattern of TPA, but it may be delayed, affecting their DTM and autonomy. However, there was considerable heterogeneity among the children with ADHD and ID, ranging from skilled to having significant problems in TPA. For all children, the levels of self-rated autonomy seemed to follow the level of TPA.
conclusionsChildren with ADHD and children with ID have an increased risk of delayed TPA, affecting their DTM and autonomy, which may also influence their participation in daily activities. The results indicate a need to measure TPA and DTM to tailor interventions for each child.
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