ArticleBMJ open2025
Entrustable professional activities in nursing education: a scoping review.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and Clinical Validation of an Entrustable Professional Activities Framework for Respiratory Nurses: A Longitudinal Workplace-Based Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development and quality appraisal of entrustable professional activities for anticancer therapy nursing: groundwork for competency-based oncology education.BMC nursing · 2026Article
- Article
- Developing an Evaluation Framework Based on Entrustable Professional Activities for Advanced Practice Nurses in China.International nursing review · 2026Article
- Designing and psychometric evaluation of the nursing instructors clinical leadership style scale (CLSS): a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Reframing entrustment through humanistic values: Entrustable Professional Activity-based assessment in the context of Tzu Chi nursing education.Tzu chi medical journalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesEntrustable professional activities (EPAs) have been used in undergraduate and graduate medical education and in other health professions for a long time. They are regarded as a suitable way for bridging the gap between competency-based education and actual work tasks in the workplace. In nursing education, EPA development started later, and it is unclear which EPAs have been developed and implemented yet. This scoping review aims to identify which EPAs have been developed in nursing education, which of these have even been implemented and what the empirical evidence supports any effects of implementation.
designScoping review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and EMBASE via OVID, CINAHL and ERIC via EBSCOhost were searched for the period 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Publication period from the first mention of EPAs in 1995 to 2023, no language restrictions, all types of literature if they had a clear mention of EPAs, all academic nursing education fields, EPAs had to be mentioned in the title or abstract. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Screening was conducted in a two-stage process with two authors. 13 suitable articles were included which describe either the development, implementation or assessment of EPAs.
resultsResults indicated that EPAs have been developed in 16 areas of nursing education, including special areas such as palliative care or emergency/intensive care. The activities health status assessment, care measures, leadership/management, diagnoses, care plans and protocols, emergency care measures and participation in diagnostics and/or therapy were described most often. In 4 out of 13 cases, EPAs were implemented. Described evidence indicated that the use of EPAs improved critical thinking, promoted flexibility in teaching and led to a mindset change.
conclusionsEPAs are increasingly developed and implemented in nursing education. There seem to be overlaps between EPAs mainly covering the steps of the nursing care process.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.