ArticlePloS one2025
1-Methylxanthine enhances memory and neurotransmitter levels.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metabolomic fingerprint of volatile and non-volatile compounds of Ganoderma vinegar, Astragalus vinegar, and Winter jujube vinegar based on integrated HS-SPME/GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS technologies.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Maternal metabolic signatures at early gestation associated with birth weight and neurodevelopment in early childhood.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Lipid Oxidation of Stored Brown Rice Changes Ileum Digestive and Metabolic Characteristics of Broiler Chickens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Coffee as a Source of Antioxidants and an Elixir of Youth.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Metabolome profiling by untargeted metabolomics and biomarker panel selection using machine-learning for patients in different stages of peripheral neuropathy induced by oxaliplatin.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
1-Methylxanthine (1-MX) is the major metabolite of caffeine and paraxanthine and might contribute to their activity. 1-MX is an adenosine receptor antagonist and increases the release and survivability of neurotransmitters; however, no study has addressed the potential physiological effects of 1-MX ingestion. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 1-MX on memory and related biomarkers in rats compared to control. Memory (escape latency in the Morris water maze test), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)), and neurochemicals (BDNF, catalase, glutathione, Amyloid Beta and cyclic GMP) were analyzed from whole brain samples in young (8-weeks-old) and aged (16-months-old) rats following 12 days of supplementation (100 mg/d HED of 1-MX [UPLEVEL®, Ingenious Ingredients L.P., Lewisville, TX, USA]) via oral gavage. 1-MX supplementation reduced escape latency by 39% in young animals and 27% in aged animals compared to controls (both p<0.001). Additionally, 1-MX increased the levels of acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, and cyclic GMP (all p<0.001). Furthermore, 1-MX supplementation led to reduced amyloid beta and higher catalase, BDNF and glutathione concentrations (p<0.001). Collectively, our findings suggest that 1-MX may have cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective properties.
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