ArticlePublic health nutrition2023
Eating out intensity, ultra-processed foods and BMI among Albanian youth.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nutritional Status and Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Urban Albanian School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Energy and macronutrient intakes of Montenegrin adults: insights from the EFSA EU Menu National Survey (2017-2022).Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic Phenotypes and Dietary Patterns in Albanian University-Enrolled Young Adults: Cross-Sectional Findings from theNutrients · 2025Article
- Assessing Dietary Exposure Risk to Food Preservatives Among the Eating-Out Population in Taiwan Using the Total Diet Study Method.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveUltra-processed foods (UPF) and eating out of home (OH) are changing nutrition, particularly among youth in constrained settings. We aimed to assess the role of eating OH intensity on the associations of UPF and unprocessed or minimally processed foods (UMPF) with BMI among Albanian youth.
designCross-sectional.
settingAlbania, a south-eastern European country.
participants281 youth, predominantly females.
methodsUPF and UMPF were defined based on NOVA, while eating OH intensity based on energy percentage from OH foods. Multivariable models tested associations of UPF and UMPF with BMI stratified by eating OH intensity, controlled for relevant covariates including diet quality, portion size and costs.
resultsThe respondents age ranged between 18 and 23 years with a female predominance (87·5 %). Mean energy from UPF and UMPF was 846 (sd: 573·0) and 802·9 (422·5) kcals, respectively. Among substantial at home eaters UPF intake was not associated (
conclusionsOur findings provide evidence for the hypothesis that eating OH plays an important role in the association of UPF and UMPF with BMI in youth. While causality cannot be established due to cross-sectional design, to the best of our knowledge, we provide the first assessment of UPF and UMPF intake in a south-eastern European setting, while highlighting the need for establishing and integrating youth nutrition into national nutritional surveillance systems for key dietary risk factors in Albania.
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