ReviewNature metabolism2023
Gut hormone co-agonists for the treatment of obesity: from bench to bedside.
Review in Nature metabolism, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist-Based Therapies on Cardiovascular Events and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Obese Individuals Without Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of diabetes · 2025Pooled it
- EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD).Obesity facts · 2024Guideline
- LEAP2 Reduces Ad Libitum Food Intake and Attenuates Postprandial Glucose Excursions in Men With Obesity.Diabetes · 2026Trial
- Cardiorenal Outcomes With Tirzepatide Compared With Dulaglutide in Patients With Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS-CVOT Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA cardiology · 2026Trial
- Article
- The GPCRDiabetologia · 2026Article
- Structural basis for small-molecule agonism at GCGR and GIPR via a conserved intracellular allosteric site.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Reproductive Medicine: A Narrative Review and Investigational Pilot Survey of Patient Perspectives in Academic Reproductive Endocrinology.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Review
- The role of tanycytes in the regulation of energy balance.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- CVOT Summit Report 2025: advances along the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic disease continuum.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Use of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases: Insights on Initiation Patterns and Weight Loss From the Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness Registry.ACR open rheumatology · 2026Article
- Adissp activates insulin-independent glucose disposal and energy expenditure in white fat to treat diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.Science advances · 2026Article
- The science of safety: adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists as glucose-lowering and obesity medications.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review.Drugs · 2026Review
- Revisiting food addiction in the era of GLP-1-based obesity pharmacotherapy via neural reward pathways linking feeding and substance use.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Low Dose GLP-1 Therapy Attenuates Pathological Cardiac and Hepatic Remodelling in HFpEF Independent of Weight Loss.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Adipose Tissue, at the Core of the Action of Incretin and Glucagon-Based Anti-Obesity Drugs.Current obesity reports · 2025Review
- Type 2 Diabetes and the Multifaceted Gut-X Axes.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Metabolic-associated enthesitis: a review on pathophysiology, clinical relevance, diagnostic challenges, and perspective on target treatments.Immunologic research · 2025Review
- GLP-1 receptor agonist properties of a chimeric peptide derived by hybridization of Latrodectus αLatrotoxin and Heloderma Exendin-4.General and comparative endocrinology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The discovery and development of so-called gut hormone co-agonists as a new class of drugs for the treatment of diabetes and obesity is considered a transformative breakthrough in the field. Combining action profiles of multiple gastrointestinal hormones within a single molecule, these novel therapeutics achieve synergistic metabolic benefits. The first such compound, reported in 2009, was based on balanced co-agonism at glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors. Today, several classes of gut hormone co-agonists are in development and advancing through clinical trials, including dual GLP-1-glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) co-agonists (first described in 2013), and triple GIP-GLP-1-glucagon co-agonists (initially designed in 2015). The GLP-1-GIP co-agonist tirzepatide was approved in 2022 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, providing superior HbA1c reductions compared to basal insulin or selective GLP-1 receptor agonists. Tirzepatide also achieved unprecedented weight loss of up to 22.5%-similar to results achieved with some types of bariatric surgery-in non-diabetic individuals with obesity. In this Perspective, we summarize the discovery, development, mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of the different types of gut hormone co-agonists, and discuss potential challenges, limitations and future developments.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.