ReviewNutrients2021
The Role of Carrageenan in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Allergic Reactions: Where Do We Stand?
Review in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Diet, Ultra-Processed Foods, and Food Additives in Crohn's Disease: A Comprehensive Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Carrageenan: Food Additive or Health Concern? A Comprehensive Review.Annals of nutrition & metabolism · 2026Review
- Review
- Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Head and Neck Cancer Incidence-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Effects of Common Food Additives Kappa-, Iota- and Lambda-Carrageenans on Intestinal Epithelial Cell Activation and Barrier Disruption.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Seaweed bioactives: A comprehensive review of their nutritional, medicinal, and functional roles.iScience · 2026Review
- Emerging patterns, impact, and collaborative networks of global scientific output on carrageenan and digestive problems: A bibliometric analysis.Indian journal of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota Modulation by Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Carrageenan: Current Evidence and Health Implications.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Assessing the nutritional value and health risks of special low‑protein foods: narrative review.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Review
- Edible Scaffolds for Cultivated Meat Production.Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology · 2026Review
- Ultra-Processed Foods and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review of Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Dietary Implications.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Advancements in Microbial Applications for Sustainable Food Production.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Food Additives: Emerging Detrimental Roles on Gut Health.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- Review
- Review
- Effects of Selected Food Additives on the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD).Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Adapting the Crohn's disease exclusion diet to a Nordic framework: a theoretical approach to cultural and nutritional customization.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Alpha-gal syndrome and the gastrointestinal reaction: a narrative review.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Review
- Topical anti-inflammatory potential of ethanol extract ofOpen veterinary journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds, composed of D-galactose residues linked in β-1,4 and α-1,3 galactose-galactose bond, widely used as a food additive in processed foods for its properties as a thickener, gelling agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. In recent years, with the spread of the Western diet (WD), its consumption has increased. Nonetheless, there is a debate on its safety. CGN is extensively used as an inflammatory and adjuvant agent in vitro and in animal experimental models for the investigation of immune processes or to assess the activity of anti-inflammatory drugs. CGN can activate the innate immune pathways of inflammation, alter the gut microbiota composition and the thickness of the mucus barrier. Clinical evidence suggests that CGN is involved in the pathogenesis and clinical management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), indeed food-exclusion diets can be an effective therapy for disease remission. Moreover, specific IgE to the oligosaccharide α-Gal has been associated with allergic reactions commonly referred to as the "α-Gal syndrome". This review aims to discuss the role of carrageenan in inflammatory bowel diseases and allergic reactions following the current evidence. Furthermore, as no definitive data are available on the safety and the effects of CGN, we suggest gaps to be filled and advise to limit the human exposure to CGN by reducing the consumption of ultra-processed foods.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.