Beyond the Cereal Box: Breeding Buckwheat as a Strategic Crop for Human Nutrition.

While intensification of farming systems is essential for achieving the Millennium Development Goal of "Zero hunger", issues such as availability of nutritious foods would demand increased attention if any long-term form of food security is to be achieved. Since wheat, rice and maize have reached near to 80 percent of their yield potential and reliance on these crops alone would not be sufficient to close the gap between demand and supply, there is a need to bring other climate-resilient and nutritionally dense crops into agricultural portfolio. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) has attracted considerable interest amongst global scientific community due to its nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. The gluten free nature of buckwheat, nutritionally balanced amino acid composition of its grain protein, and high levels of anti-oxidants, such as rutin, makes buckwheat an important crop with immense nutraceutical benefits. However, a key challenge in buckwheat cultivation is the variation in yield between years, which impacts the entire value chain. Current information on buckwheat indicates existence of significant phenotypic variation for agronomic and nutritional traits. However, genetic bottlenecks in conventional breeding restrict effective utilization of the existing diversity in mainstreaming buckwheat cultivation. Availability of high density buckwheat genome map for both the cultivated species viz. F. esculentum and F. tataricum would add to our understanding of genetic basis of their agronomic traits. The review examines the potential of buckwheat as a strategic crop for human nutrition and prospects of effective exploitation genomic information of common and Tartary buckwheat for genome assisted breeding.