ArticleClinical epidemiology2021
Glycemic Control in Pregnancies Complicated by Pre-Existing Diabetes Mellitus and Congenital Malformations: A Danish Population-Based Study.
Article in Clinical epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of modifiable preconception, pregnancy and postpartum factors with health outcomes for women with type 2 diabetes and their children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Pooled it
- Risks of specific congenital anomalies in offspring of women with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies including over 80 million births.PLoS medicine · 2022Pooled it
- The Impact of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes on the Development of Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) in Offspring: A Narrative Review.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Unintentional periconceptional exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A nationwide cohort study in Taiwan.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnancies With Type 1 Diabetes and Controls During a 15-Year Period (2006-2020).Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2025Article
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Adverse Outcomes in Pregnant Women With Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Article
- Associations of maternal and paternal characteristics with cardiac malformations using real-world data and machine learning.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Maternal periconception hyperglycemia, preconception diabetes, and risk of major congenital malformations in offspring.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Metformin Use in the First Trimester of Pregnancy and Risk for Nonlive Birth and Congenital Malformations: Emulating a Target Trial Using Real-World Data.Annals of internal medicine · 2024 · on this mapObservational
- Neurodevelopmental Programming of Adiposity: Contributions to Obesity Risk.Endocrine reviews · 2024Review
- Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Other Second-Line Antidiabetics in Early Pregnancy.JAMA internal medicine · 2024Observational
- Prevalence of Echocardiographic Profile and Its Related Risk Factors in Congenital Heart Disease Patients; A Cross-Sectional Study.Galen medical journal · 2024Article
- Achieving comparability in glycemic control between antidiabetic treatment strategies in pregnancy when using real world data.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2023Article
- Congenital malformations among offspring of women with type 1 diabetes who use insulin pumps: a prospective cohort study.Diabetologia · 2023Article
- Effect of maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus on congenital heart diseases.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Review
- Risk of birth defects by pregestational type 1 or type 2 diabetes: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011.Birth defects research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo study the occurrence of major congenital abnormalities in children of women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and investigate the association between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and major congenital malformations according to type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes separately. PATIENTS AND
methodsIn this register-based study, all singletons born alive from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2015 in the North Denmark and Central Denmark regions of Denmark and their mothers were included. We used data from Danish health registers and the LABKA database. Logistic regression models were used to compute crude and adjusted prevalence odds ratios (cORs and aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for major congenital malformations overall and for subtypes, by type of maternal pre-existing diabetes and HbA1c levels.
resultsAmong 314,245 infants included, 2020 (0.64%) had mothers with type 1 diabetes and 498 (0.16%) had mothers with type 2 diabetes. We found an aOR of 2.9 (95% CI: 2.5, 3.5) and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.3; 2.8) for major malformations for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The highest occurrence was seen for major congenital heart diseases, but we also observed higher occurrence of several other non-cardiac malformations. For both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of major congenital malformations increased with higher levels of maternal HbA1c with no safe threshold level. Mothers with type 1 diabetes had higher risks than those without diabetes irrespective of HbA1c, and women with HbA1c levels ≥9.5% had 8 times the odds of major congenital malformations [aOR 8.7 (95% CI: 5.4; 14.5)].
conclusionsThe prevalence of major congenital malformations progressively increased with poorer glycemic control during pregnancy, with no obvious safe threshold level, for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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