ReviewEndocrinology2021
The Role of Incretins on Insulin Function and Glucose Homeostasis.
Review in Endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Impact of a 12-Week Dietary Intervention on Adipose Tissue Metabolic Markers in Overweight Women of Reproductive Age.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- Trial
- How amenable is type 2 diabetes treatment for precision diabetology? A meta-regression of glycaemic control data from 174 randomised trials.Diabetologia · 2023Trial
- Neuroendocrine regulation of appetite and energy balance in metabolic disorders.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists and Blood Pressure Regulation: Molecular Mechanisms and Cardiovascular Implications.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2026Review
- Functional Connections Between Insulin and Neurotrophin-3 in Hemodialysis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- (Dis)agreement and concordance of metabolic indices from the oral glucose tolerance test and mixed-meal tolerance test: Implications for application.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Pediatric reference values for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon in children and adolescents.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Review
- The Natural History of Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in the Pediatric Population.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Association between plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and active adiponectin in normoglycemic women.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- α cells use both PC1/3 and PC2 to process proglucagon peptides and control insulin secretion.Science advances · 2025Article
- Multimodal AI correlates of glucose spikes in people with normal glucose regulation, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Conditional universal differential equations capture population dynamics and interindividual variation in c-peptide production.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Associations of Serum GIP, GLP-1, and DPP-4 with Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles and Tobacco Exposure in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Gut Microbial Metabolites of Tryptophan Augment Enteroendocrine Cell Differentiation in Human Colonic Organoids: Therapeutic Potential for Dysregulated GLP1 Secretion in Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Compared with GLP-1 RAs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Basal Insulin: A Network Meta-analysis.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2025Article
- Microbiome affects mice metabolic homeostasis via differential regulation of gene expression in the brain and gut.Physiological reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The incretin effect-the amplification of insulin secretion after oral vs intravenous administration of glucose as a mean to improve glucose tolerance-was suspected even before insulin was discovered, and today we know that the effect is due to the secretion of 2 insulinotropic peptides, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). But how important is it? Physiological experiments have shown that, because of the incretin effect, we can ingest increasing amounts of amounts of glucose (carbohydrates) without increasing postprandial glucose excursions, which otherwise might have severe consequences. The mechanism behind this is incretin-stimulated insulin secretion. The availability of antagonists for GLP-1 and most recently also for GIP has made it possible to directly estimate the individual contributions to postprandial insulin secretion of a) glucose itself: 26%; b) GIP: 45%; and c) GLP-1: 29%. Thus, in healthy individuals, GIP is the champion. When the action of both incretins is prevented, glucose tolerance is pathologically impaired. Thus, after 100 years of research, we now know that insulinotropic hormones from the gut are indispensable for normal glucose tolerance. The loss of the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes, therefore, contributes greatly to the impaired postprandial glucose control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.