ReviewJournal of the American College of Cardiology2020
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study.
Review in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 12 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 6,459 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of Tirzepatide on Coronary Plaque Lipid Content and Myocardial Microvascular Function in Overweight and Obese People With Coronary Disease - The IDEAL-COR Study
A Prospective, Exploratory, Cohort Clinical Study Comparing the Effects of Oral Statins With or Without Folic Acid on Carotid Plaque Stability.
Takotsubo Syndrome and Air Pollution: the "Tako-Air" Study
Cardioprotective and Mental Health Benefits of the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet Combined With Forest Bathing (FB) Among Adults With Elevated Blood Cholesterol: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Addressing Gaps in the Hypertension and Diabetes Care Continuum in Rural Bangladesh Through mHealth and Decentralized Primary Care: The Dinajpur Study
A Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Cardiovascular Ultrasound Therapy on the Rehabilitation of Patients After PCI for Coronary Artery Disease
The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Cardiovascular Events in Saudi Arabia Now and Future
Correlation of Serum Homocysteine Levels With Various Types of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and In-hospital Mortality
Clinical Features and Mechanisms of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Without Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Efficacy of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Diastolic Function in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study Comparing Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients
Cocreating Action to Improve Rationality in the Health System
Innovative Sternal Closure Techniques: Evaluating STRATAFIX™ and DERMABOND™ for Reduced Complications in CABG Patients
Who cites it
6,459 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 10,517 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of Oral Non-Statin Lipid-Lowering Therapies in Dyslipidaemia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Robotic-assisted versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis of 39,918 patients.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Attributable fraction of cardiac disease following radiotherapy among breast cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of radiation research · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Endothelial Function and Other Cardiovascular Disease Markers in Health and Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis with Meta-regression of Randomized Controlled Trials.Sports medicine - open · 2026Pooled it
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Circulating MicroRNAs for Coronary Artery Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026Pooled it
- Wearable Sensors in Gait Assessment for Parkinson Disease and Stroke in Real-World Environments: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- The Optimal Exercise Modality and Dose for Blood Pressure Management in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Bayesian Model-Based, and Dose-Response Network Meta-Analysis of RCTs.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of Intake of Lycopene-Containing Products on Vascular Endothelial Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Does vitamin D supplementation modulate metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Long-Term Outcomes and Complications of Pulmonary Valve Replacement: A Meta-Analysis of Mechanical Versus Biological Prostheses.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Pooled it
- Feasibility of the Aktivplan Digital Health Intervention for Supporting Regular Physical Activity Following Phase II Rehabilitation: Randomized Controlled Pilot Feasibility Study (ACTIVE-CaRe Pilot).JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Lactylation: Metabolic epigenetic regulation and cell death mechanisms in myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion injury.Genes & diseases · 2027Review
- Lack of guidelines for cold exposure among vulnerable outdoor workers.International journal of circumpolar health · 2026Review
- Microbial metabolite-driven mechanisms linking the gut microbiome to atherosclerosis: multi-omic and translational perspectives.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The role of gut microbiome in aging-associated diseases: where do we stand now and how technology will transform the future.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- An oral-gut microbial metabolite linksGut microbes · 2026Article
- Gut-derived bacterial extracellular vesicles: the microbial dark matter contributing to host inflammation and cardiometabolic disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Protective effects of icariin in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: mechanistic basis, post-ischemic protection and translational limitations.Pharmaceutical biology · 2026Review
- Premature coronary artery disease in women: sex-specific risk factors, pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical implications.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
6,399 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedCorrection.2021
Authors and funding
70 authors at 20 institutions in 15 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.