SynthesisEuropean journal of nutrition2020
Safety and side effects of apple vinegar intake and its effect on metabolic parameters and body weight: a systematic review.
Synthesis in European journal of nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Benefits of Apple and Apple-Derived Products: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Adjunctive effects of apple cider vinegar on metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome patients receiving metformin: a randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- The Case for Vinegar Ingestion.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Vinegar Consumption and Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- A case-series of oral acetate supplementation for gut microbiota alteration and metabolic improvement in patients with affective disorders on psychotropics.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Valorization of Organic Third-Category Fruits Through Vinegar Fermentation: A Laboratory-Scale Evaluation of Apples, Peaches, and Clementines.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Qualitative and Quantitative Metabolite Comparison of Grain, Persimmon, and Apple Vinegars with Antioxidant Activities.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A deep dive into the orchard of health: Exploring the anti-cancer and anti-aging potential of apple polyphenols.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2025Review
- Lactic Acid Bacteria in Vinegar Fermentation: Diversity, Functionality and Health Benefits.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Improbable data characteristics and extreme effects of apple cider vinegar on weight loss.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Role of vinegar in cardiovascular health: A narrative review.Journal of biological methods · 2025Review
- Vinegar postbiotic solutions obtained from five red fruits processed using traditional methods exhibit different biochemical properties and antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- Article
- Applications of UV-Visible, Fluorescence and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Methods Combined with Chemometrics for the Authentication of Apple Vinegar.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Concomitant medications, functional foods, and supplements: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2022.Obesity pillars · 2022Article
- Investigating Polyphenol Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Targets against Diabetes Mellitus.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Review
- Fruits Vinegar: Quality Characteristics, Phytochemistry, and Functionality.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Biotechnological Processes in Fruit Vinegar Production.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionApple vinegar (AV) has been proclaimed to have different health benefits, such as a weight loss, the ability to lower blood glucose levels, and reducing the risk of heart diseases. Studies on animals have demonstrated effects of AV consumption, deepening our knowledge of the beneficial effects and side effects.
aimThe aims of this study were to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters and body weight in humans, furthermore, to evaluate the safety and side effects of ingesting AV, and additionally to evaluate the evidence of the effect of AV on metabolic parameters, safety, and side effects of AV from studies performed on animals (mammals).
methodsA systematic literature search was performed. The databases PubMed (MEDLINE), PsycInfo (Ebsco), CINAHL (Ebsco), and Embase (Ovid) were searched for relevant articles. Primary outcomes were glycated hemoglobin, postprandial glucose, and synonyms for blood glucose. Secondary outcomes were waist circumference, visceral fat, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Studies performed on humans and animals were included. The included studies performed on humans were quality assessed for risk of bias using a version of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool.
resultsA total of 487 papers were identified in the literature search. Of these, 13 studies performed on humans and 12 studies performed on animals were included. There may be beneficial health effects from the consumption of AV. The risk of side effects when ingested in recommended quantities and in recommended ways seems inconsiderable.
conclusionDue to inadequate research of high quality, the evidence for the health effects of AV is insufficient. Therefore, more large-scale, long-term clinical studies with a low risk of bias are needed before definitive conclusions can be made.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.