ArticleJournal of graduate medical education2020
In-the-Moment Feedback and Coaching: Improving R2C2 for a New Context.
Article in Journal of graduate medical education, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Re-centering education on the learner: insights from a Pediatric Residency Coaching Program.Paediatrics & child health · 2026Article
- Implementation of entrustable professional activities for interns within the new Australian National Framework: a pilot study using action-research to explore utility, and clarify challenges and enablers.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Enhancing Relationship-Centered Communication and Feedback in Emergency Medicine Through Applied Improvisation (EM-PROV).Journal of education & teaching in emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of COACH2COACH and R2C2 (Relationship, Reaction, Content, Coaching) Model in Improving Peer-feedback for students' professional development.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- The Resident Experience of Feedback in Clinical Training: Emotional, Cognitive, and Behavioural Responses: A Qualitative Study.Advances in medical education and practice · 2026Article
- Enhancing Evidence Translation Through Structured Clinical Reasoning: A Mixed-Methods Controlled Feasibility Study of Peer Visibility and Readiness Mechanisms in Applied Learning.Journal of CME · 2026Article
- The Educational Alliance: Essential to Implement Competency-Based Health Professions Education.Perspectives on medical education · 2026Article
- The CBHPE Outcomes Theory of Change: An International Consensus Statement on the Mechanisms and Outcomes of Competency-Based Education in the Health Professions.Perspectives on medical education · 2026Article
- How cultural factors affect medical students' interactions with clinical practice feedback: a qualitative study of ethnically diverse students at three transcontinental campuses.Medical education online · 2025Article
- Could the R2C2 Feedback and Coaching Model Enhance Feedback Literacy Behaviors: A Qualitative Study Exploring Learner-Preceptor Feedback Conversations.Perspectives on medical education · 2025Article
- Risky business: medical students' feedback-seeking behaviours: a mixed methods study.Medical education online · 2024Article
- Feedback: "overly nice" or a "roasting culture"? a student partnership approach in exploring a feedback literacy strategy in undergraduate pharmacy and medical education.BMC medical education · 2024Article
- Designing feedback processes in the workplace-based learning of undergraduate health professions education: a scoping review.BMC medical education · 2024Article
- Competence By Design: a transformational national model of time-variable competency-based postgraduate medical education.Perspectives on medical education · 2024Article
- Coaching in Competence by Design: A New Model of Coaching in the Moment and Coaching Over Time to Support Large Scale Implementation.Perspectives on medical education · 2024Article
- "The feedback dilemma"-provider and learner perspectives regarding the barriers and facilitators for giving and receiving feedback in medical education: A parallel mixed methods approach.Journal of education and health promotion · 2024Article
- The Next Era of Assessment: Building a Trustworthy Assessment System.Perspectives on medical education · 2024Article
- Feedback in Medical Education: An Evidence-based Guide to Best Practices from the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2023Review
- Developing Master Adaptive Learners: Implementation of a Coaching Program in Graduate Medical Education.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2023Article
- Implementation of structured feedback in a psychiatry residency program in Canada: a qualitative analysis study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe R2C2, a 4-phase feedback and coaching model, builds relationships, explores reactions, determines content and coaches for change, and facilitates formal feedback conversations between clinical supervisors/preceptors and residents. Formal discussions about performance are typically based on collated information from daily encounter sheets, objective structured clinical examinations, multisource feedback, and other data. This model has not been studied in settings where brief feedback and coaching conversations occur immediately after a specific clinical experience.
objectiveWe explored how supervisors adapt the R2C2 model for in-the-moment feedback and coaching and developed a guide for its use in this context.
methodsEleven purposefully selected supervisors were interviewed in 2018 to explore where they used the R2C2 model, how they adapted it for in-the-moment conversations, and phrases used corresponding to each phase that could guide design of a new R2C2 in-the-moment model.
resultsParticipants readily adapted the model to varied feedback situations; each of the 4 phases were relevant for conversations. Phase-specific phrases that could enable effective coaching conversations in a limited amount of time were identified. Data facilitated a revision of the original R2C2 model for in-the-moment feedback and coaching conversations and design of an accompanying trifold brochure to enable its effective use.
conclusionsThe R2C2 in-the-moment model offers a systematic approach to feedback and coaching that builds on the original model, yet addresses time constraints and the need for an iterative conversation between the reaction and content phases. The model enables supervisors to coach and co-create an action plan with residents to improve performance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.