ArticleScientific reports2018
Prophylactic efficacy of orally administered Bacillus poly-γ-glutamic acid, a non-LPS TLR4 ligand, against norovirus infection in mice.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current Perspectives and Future Directions in the Immunogenicity Landscape of Norovirus Vaccines.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Polyglutamic Acid as an Antiviral Agent: Mechanistic and Structural Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- A single mutation in an enteric virus alters tropism and sensitivity to microbiota.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Role and mechanism of gut microbiota in regulating interferon-mediated programmed cell death in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Recent advances of edible marine algae-derived sulfated polysaccharides in antiviral treatments: challenges vs. opportunities.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Molecular weight control of poly-γ-glutamic acid reveals novel insights into extracellular polymeric substance synthesis in Bacillus licheniformis.Biotechnology for biofuels and bioproducts · 2024Article
- Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Impact of the Microbiota on Viral Infections.Annual review of virology · 2023Review
- Unraveling the interplay between norovirus infection, gut microbiota, and novel antiviral approaches: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Microbiota regulation of viral infections through interferon signaling.Trends in microbiology · 2022Review
- Functional foods with antiviral activity.Food science and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Review
- Interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection: insights for viral disease control in farmed animals.Science China. Life sciences · 2021Review
- Current and Future Antiviral Strategies to Tackle Gastrointestinal Viral Infections.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Bacterial Gut Microbiota and Infections During Early Childhood.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Effects of a high-γ-polyglutamic acid-containing natto diet on liver lipids and cecal microbiota of adult female mice.Bioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2021Article
- Advances in Antiviral Material Development.ChemPlusChem · 2020Article
- Regulation of La/SSB-dependent viral gene expression by pre-tRNA 3' trailer-derived tRNA fragments.Nucleic acids research · 2019Article
- Interactions between noroviruses, the host, and the microbiota.Current opinion in virology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), an extracellular biopolymer produced by Bacillus sp., is a non-canonical toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist. Here we show its antiviral efficacy against noroviruses. γ-PGA with a molecular mass of 2,000-kDa limited murine norovirus (MNV) replication in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 by inducing interferon (IFN)-β and conferred resistance to viral infection-induced cell death. Additionally, γ-PGA interfered with viral entry into cells. The potent antiviral state mounted by γ-PGA was not attributed to the upregulation of TLR4 or TLR3, a sensor known to recognize norovirus RNA. γ-PGA sensing by TLR4 required the two TLR4-associated accessory factors MD2 and CD14. In ex vivo cultures of mouse ileum, γ-PGA selectively increased the expression of IFN-β in villi. In contrast, IFN-β induction was negligible in the ileal Peyer's patches (PPs) where its expression was primarily induced by the replication of MNV. Oral administration of γ-PGA, which increased serum IFN-β levels without inducing proinflammatory cytokines, reduced MNV loads in the ileum with PPs and mesenteric lymph nodes in mice. Our results disclose a γ-PGA-mediated non-conventional TLR4 signaling in the ileum, highlighting the potential use of γ-PGA as a prophylactic antiviral agent against noroviruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.