SynthesisPloS one2016
Statin Use and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2016. The graph read 6 numbers from its abstract, feeding 1 cell of the map, but none could be read as for or against, so it casts no vote. It also reports 3 associations that do not count as treatment evidence, such as RR 0.81 (0.71 to 0.92) for pharmacokinetics & dosing. Cited by 30 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
Read, but not usablea number the graph found but could not read as for or against
Statin use was associated with a lower risk of PD, with a summary RR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.92).
We combined the 11 studies with a random-effects model, obtaining a summary RR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.92); that is, there was a 19% reduction in the risk of developing PD for statin users as compared with non-users.
Statin use was found to be associated with a decreased risk of PD in both case-control studies (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.97) and cohort studies (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68-0.99).
The subgroup of high-quality studies showed an inverse association (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.59-0.87) between statin and risk of PD, but this association was non-significant in the medium-quality group (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.78-1.11) (Table 2).
Among the individual statins, atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, and rosuvastatin showed a non-significant inverse association with the risk of PD (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.66-1.05; RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.16-2.35; RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.45-1.01; and RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.52-1.48, respectively), while pravastatin non-significantly increased the risk of PD (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.58-3.10).
Long-term statin use decreased the risk of PD almost significantly (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.56-1.07).
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Where it lands on the map
Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.
What it adds to each cell
For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.
Statins×pharmacokinetics & dosing
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →2 readable studies in this cell: 0 favour the treatment, 2 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Statins as potential disease-modifying therapy of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2025Pooled it
- Determining the role of statins in Parkinson's disease risk reduction and disease modification: A comprehensive meta-analysis of 4 million participants' data.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Non-Genetic Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of 46 Systematic Reviews.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of Higher Serum Lipid Levels on the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Evaluation of Simvastatin as a Disease-Modifying Treatment for Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA neurology · 2022Trial
- Simvastatin as a Potential Disease-Modifying Therapy for Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Rationale for Clinical Trial, and Current Progress.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2017Trial
- Prediction of motor and non-motor Parkinson's disease symptoms using serum lipidomics and machine learning: a 2-year study.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Naphthoquinones as a Promising Class of Compounds for Facing the Challenge of Parkinson's Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Screening of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors from Seeds ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Association between Genetically Proxied Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase and Age at Onset of Huntington's Disease.Brain sciences · 2022Article
- Machine learning based risk prediction for Parkinson's disease with nationwide health screening data.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Lipid pathway dysfunction is prevalent in patients with Parkinson's disease.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Association between Statin Use and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from 18 Observational Studies Comprising 3.7 Million Individuals.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington's Disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- A Possible Role for HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors and Its Association withInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- A Mendelian Randomization Approach Using 3-HMG-Coenzyme-A Reductase Gene Variation to Evaluate the Association of Statin-Induced Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering With Noncardiovascular Disease Phenotypes.JAMA network open · 2021Observational
- The Effects of Statins on Neurotransmission and Their Neuroprotective Role in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Review
- Statins in Neuro-ophthalmology.Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press) · 2021Review
- Simvastatin Improves Behavioral Disorders and Hippocampal Inflammatory Reaction by NMDA-Mediated Anti-inflammatory Function in MPTP-Treated Mice.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
introductionIn response to the ongoing debate over the relationship between the use of statins and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to examine their association.
methodsWe conducted a review of the literature using electronic databases supplemented by a manual search to identify potentially relevant case-control or cohort studies. Summary relative risk (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted.
resultsEleven studies (five case-control and six cohort) with a total of 3,513,209 participants and 21,011 PD cases were included. Statin use was associated with a lower risk of PD, with a summary RR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.92). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of results. Subgroup analyses showed that neither study design nor study region significantly influenced the effect estimates. However, subgroup studies adjusted for age or sex had a greater inverse association than did unadjusted analyses (age-adjusted RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60-0.95; age-unadjusted RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99 and sex-adjusted RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.98; sex-unadjusted RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.92).
conclusionsResults of this systematic review suggest that statin use is associated with a reduced PD risk. However, randomized controlled trials and more observational studies should be performed before strong conclusions are drawn.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.