ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2014
Long-term systemic inflammation and cognitive impairment in a population-based cohort.
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of cognitive decline in older individuals without dementia: An updated meta-analysis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Systemic inflammation, delirium and clinical progression in mild-moderate Alzheimer disease.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Epigenetic age acceleration, telomere length, and neurocognitive function in long-term survivors of childhood cancer.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline: Are They Related?Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of cognitive impairment in arterial hypertension.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cognitive Impairment Is Associated with Alterations in Diet Quality and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data Collected from the Microbiome in Aging Gut and Brain (MiaGB) Consortium Cohort.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Longitudinal and concurrent C-reactive protein and diet associations with cognitive function in the population-based Tromsø study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional association between plasma aldosterone concentration and cognitive performance by mini-mental state examination in community dwellers.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Emerging biomarkers of postoperative delirium at the intersection of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- A Longitudinal Study Investigating Whether Chronic Rhinosinusitis Influences the Subsequent Risk of Developing Dementia.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Handgrip strength asymmetry and cognitive impairment risk: Insights from a seven-year prospective cohort study.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Article
- Association of Osteoarthritis and Functional Limitations With Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults in the United States.Journal of aging and health · 2023Article
- Anthracycline chemotherapy, vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment: burgeoning topics and future directions.Future cardiology · 2023Review
- From the Bush to the Brain: Preclinical Stages of Ethnobotanical Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drug Discovery-An Australian Example.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Associations of Midlife Lifestyle and Health Factors with Long-Term Changes in Blood-Based Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Lifestyle and factors of vascular and metabolic health and inflammation are associated with sensorineural-neurocognitive aging in older adults.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2023Article
- Inflammation, metabolic dysregulation and environmental neurotoxins and risk of cognitive decline and impairment in midlife.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2023Article
- Associations of sensory and motor function with blood-based biomarkers of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease in midlife.Neurobiology of aging · 2022Article
- Links between inflammation and immune functioning with cognitive status among older Americans in the Health and Retirement Study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesEvidence suggests inflammation is associated with cognitive impairment, but previous epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results.
designProspective population-based cohort.
settingEpidemiology of Hearing Loss Study participants.
participantsIndividuals without cognitive impairment in 1998-2000 (N = 2,422; 1,947 with necessary data). MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score <24 or diagnosis of dementia) was ascertained in 1998-2000, 2003-2005, and 2009-2010. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in 1988-1990, 1998-2000, and 2009-2010; tumor necrosis factor-alpha was measured from 1998-2000.
resultsParticipants with high CRP in 1988-1990 and 1998-2000 had lower risk of cognitive impairment than those with low CRP at both time points (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.26-0.80). Risk did not differ according to 10-year IL-6 profile or baseline inflammation category in the whole cohort. In sensitivity analyses restricted to statin nonusers, those with high IL-6 at both times had greater risk of cognitive impairment than those with low IL-6 at both times (HR = 3.35, 95% CI = 1.09-10.30). In secondary analyses, each doubling of IL-6 change over 20 years was associated with greater odds of cognitive impairment in 2009-2010 in the whole cohort (odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.04-1.89), whereas a doubling of CRP change over 20 years was associated with cognitive impairment only in statin nonusers (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.06-1.65).
conclusionWith data collected over 20 years, this study demonstrated greater likelihood of cognitive impairment in individuals with repeated high or increasing IL-6. The inconsistent CRP findings may reflect effects of statin medications, survival effects, or adverse effects associated with chronically low CRP. Further studies of long-term inflammation and cognitive impairment are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.