Evidence map›Paper›PMID 24805231›Full record

SynthesisNature2014

Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition.

Samuel S Myers, Antonella Zanobetti, Itai Kloog, Peter Huybers, Andrew D B Leakey, Arnold J Bloom, Eli Carlisle, Lee H Dietterich, Glenn Fitzgerald, Toshihiro Hasegawa and 10 more

Erratum issuedOpen access · greenAbstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nature, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 308 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
308citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
117.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

308 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,389 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. COGlobal change biology · 2025
    Pooled it
  5. Elevated COFrontiers in plant science · 2025
    Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. Trial
  10. Review
  11. COPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Climate Change Threatens Micronutrient Density of European Winter Wheat.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  20. Review

248 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 12 institutions in 4 countries.

Samuel S Myers1] Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA [2] Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Antonella ZanobettiDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
Itai KloogThe Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer Sheva, Israel.
Peter HuybersDepartment of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Andrew D B LeakeyDepartment of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Arnold J BloomDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Eli CarlisleDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Lee H DietterichUniversity of Pennsylvania, Department of Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Glenn FitzgeraldDepartment of Environment and Primary Industries, Horsham, Victoria 3001, Australia.
Toshihiro HasegawaNational Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
N Michele HolbrookDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Randall L NelsonUnited States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Michael J OttmanSchool of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
Victor RaboyUnited States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, Idaho 83210, USA.
Hidemitsu SakaiNational Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
Karla A SartorThe Nature Conservancy, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87544, USA.
Joel SchwartzDepartment of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
Saman SeneweeraDepartment of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia.
Michael TauszDepartment of Forest and Ecosystem Science, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia.
Yasuhiro UsuiNational Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan.
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences · JPAgricultural Research Service · USUniversity of California, Davis · USAgriculture and Food · AUBen-Gurion University of the Negev · ILHarvard University · USPlanetary Science Institute · USThe Nature Conservancy · USUniversity of Arizona · USUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · USUniversity of Melbourne · AUUniversity of Pennsylvania · US

Funding

Translational Research Support CoreP30ES000002 · NIEHS · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI SUSAN A KORRICK · 1985 to 2026
$44.6M
Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (UL1)UL1TR000170 · NCATS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI NADLER, LEE MARSHALL · 2012 to 2013
$31.4M
NCATS NIH HHS 8UL1TR000170-0NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000170NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES000002
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Dietary deficiencies of zinc and iron are a substantial global public health problem. An estimated two billion people suffer these deficiencies, causing a loss of 63 million life-years annually. Most of these people depend on C3 grains and legumes as their primary dietary source of zinc and iron. Here we report that C3 grains and legumes have lower concentrations of zinc and iron when grown under field conditions at the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted for the middle of this century. C3 crops other than legumes also have lower concentrations of protein, whereas C4 crops seem to be less affected. Differences between cultivars of a single crop suggest that breeding for decreased sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentration could partly address these new challenges to global health.

Indexed as

Nutritional StatusAirAtmosphereAustraliaBreedingCarbon DioxideCrops, AgriculturalDietEdible GrainFabaceaeGlobal HealthHumansIronIron DeficienciesJapanNutritive ValueCarbon DioxideIronPhytic AcidZinc

Identifiers

PMID24805231
PMCPMC4810679
OpenAlexW1999829995

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.