ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2010
Gamma-zeins are essential for endosperm modification in quality protein maize.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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56 citing papers in PubMed, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transactivation of AGPL2 by Opaque2 is responsible for starch accumulation and kernel hardness in sweet corn.Journal of experimental botany · 2026Article
- Dynamics of accumulation of lysine and tryptophan, and kernel modification in opaque2, opaque16, and double mutant (opaque2/opaque16) genotypes during kernel development in maize.Journal of applied genetics · 2025Article
- Allelic Diversity and Development of Breeder-Friendly Marker Specific to floury2 Gene Regulating the Accumulation of α-Zeins and Essential Amino Acids in Maize Kernel.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
- Identification of QTLs associated withFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Editing the 19 kDa alpha-zein gene family generates non-opaque2-based quality protein maize.Plant biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Sulfate transport and metabolism: strategies to improve the seed protein quality.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- NAKED ENDOSPERM1, NAKED ENDOSPERM2, and OPAQUE2 interact to regulate gene networks in maize endosperm development.The Plant cell · 2023Article
- The transcription factors ZmNAC128 and ZmNAC130 coordinate with Opaque2 to promote endosperm filling in maize.The Plant cell · 2023Article
- Role of tryptophan content in determining gluten quality and wheat grain characteristics.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Classification and Expression Profile of the U-Box E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Enzyme Gene Family in Maize (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Identifying Quality Protein Maize Inbred Lines for Improved Nutritional Value of Maize in Southern Africa.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Maize Endosperm Development: Tissues, Cells, Molecular Regulation and Grain Quality Improvement.Frontiers in plant science · 2022Review
- Tandem duplicate expression patterns are conserved between maize haplotypes of thePlant direct · 2021Article
- Transcriptome analysis of early stages of sorghum grain mold disease reveals defense regulators and metabolic pathways associated with resistance.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Combining P and Zn fertilization to enhance yield and grain quality in maize grown on Mediterranean soils.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Genetic engineering to improve essential and conditionally essential amino acids in maize: transporter engineering as a reference.Transgenic research · 2021Article
- Expression profile of protein fractions in the developing kernel of normal, Opaque-2 and quality protein maize.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Final Selection of Quality Protein Popcorn Hybrids.Frontiers in plant science · 2021Article
- Genetic enhancement of essential amino acids for nutritional enrichment of maize protein quality through marker assisted selection.Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology · 2020Article
- Seed-produced anti-globulin VHH-Fc antibodies retrieve globulin precursors in the insoluble fraction and modulate the Arabidopsis thaliana seed subcellular morphology.Plant molecular biology · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Essential amino acids like lysine and tryptophan are deficient in corn meal because of the abundance of zein storage proteins that lack these amino acids. A natural mutant, opaque 2 (o2) causes reduction of zeins, an increase of nonzein proteins, and as a consequence, a doubling of lysine levels. However, o2's soft inferior kernels precluded its commercial use. Breeders subsequently overcame kernel softness, selecting several quantitative loci (QTLs), called o2 modifiers, without losing the high-lysine trait. These maize lines are known as "quality protein maize" (QPM). One of the QTLs is linked to the 27-kDa gamma-zein locus on chromosome 7S. Moreover, QPM lines have 2- to 3-fold higher levels of the 27-kDa gamma-zein, but the physiological significance of this increase is not known. Because the 27- and 16-kDa gamma-zein genes are highly conserved in DNA sequence, we introduced a dominant RNAi transgene into a QPM line (CM105Mo2) to eliminate expression of them both. Elimination of gamma-zeins disrupts endosperm modification by o2 modifiers, indicating their hypostatic action to gamma-zeins. Abnormalities in protein body structure and their interaction with starch granules in the F1 with Mo2/+; o2/o2; gammaRNAi/+ genotype suggests that gamma-zeins are essential for restoring protein body density and starch grain interaction in QPM. To eliminate pleiotropic effects caused by o2, the 22-kDa alpha-zein, gamma-zein, and beta-zein RNAis were stacked, resulting in protein bodies forming as honeycomb-like structures. We are unique in presenting clear demonstration that gamma-zeins play a mechanistic role in QPM, providing a previously unexplored rationale for molecular breeding.
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