ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1999
Origin and evolution of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus hemagglutinin gene.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 240 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
240 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 605 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent Advances in Biosensors for Detection of COVID-19 and Other Viruses.IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering · 2023Pooled it
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1): pathways of exposure at the animal-human interface, a systematic review.PloS one · 2011Pooled it
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Childhood immune imprinting shapes cohort and period influenza mortality.Science advances · 2026Article
- Viral Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for One Health Discovery and Surveillance of (Re)Emerging Viruses: A Deep Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- An ancient influenza genome from Switzerland allows deeper insights into host adaptation during the 1918 flu pandemic in Europe.BMC biology · 2025Article
- [The demographic impact of the 1918 flu epidemic through the spanish press].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2025Article
- Detection of Avian Influenza Virus in Pigeons.Viruses · 2025Article
- Review
- Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Review
- Influenza Virus Surveillance from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic to the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic in New York State, USA.Viruses · 2024Article
- Postencephalitic Parkinsonism: Unique Pathological and Clinical Features-Preliminary Data.Cells · 2024Article
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- The Identification Distinct Antiviral Factors Regulated Influenza Pandemic H1N1 Infection.International journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- Buffered Lugol's Iodine Preserves DNA Fragment Lengths.Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- An Adagio for Viruses, Played Out on Ancient DNA.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Review
- Article
- Which Virus Will Cause the Next Pandemic?Viruses · 2023Article
- The Coronavirus Calendar (CoronaCal): a simplified SARS-CoV-2 test system for sampling and retrospective analysis.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2023Article
- Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting.Virology journal · 2022Review
180 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The "Spanish" influenza pandemic killed over 20 million people in 1918 and 1919, making it the worst infectious pandemic in history. Here, we report the complete sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the 1918 virus. Influenza RNA for the analysis was isolated from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue sample prepared during the autopsy of a victim of the influenza pandemic in 1918. Influenza RNA was also isolated from lung tissue samples from two additional victims of the lethal 1918 influenza: one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sample and one frozen sample obtained by in situ biopsy of the lung of a victim buried in permafrost since 1918. The complete coding sequence of the A/South Carolina/1/18 HA gene was obtained. The HA1 domain sequence was confirmed by using the two additional isolates (A/New York/1/18 and A/Brevig Mission/1/18). The sequences show little variation. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the 1918 virus HA gene, although more closely related to avian strains than any other mammalian sequence, is mammalian and may have been adapting in humans before 1918.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.