Evidence map›Paper›PMID 9880284›Full record

ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)1999

Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study.

V Beral, C Hermon, C Kay, P Hannaford, S Darby, G Reeves

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Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
35citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

35 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  17. [Hormonal contraception and breast cancer risk].Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2010
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

V BeralImperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE. beral@icrf.icnet.uk
C Hermon
C Kay
P Hannaford
S Darby
G Reeves

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo describe the long term effects of the use of oral contraceptives on mortality.

designCohort study with 25 year follow up. Details of oral contraceptive use and of morbidity and mortality were reported six monthly by general practitioners. 75% of the original cohort was "flagged" on the NHS central registers.

setting1400 general practices throughout Britain. SUBJECTS: 46 000 women, half of whom were using oral contraceptives at recruitment in 1968-9. Median age at end of follow up was 49 years.

main outcome measuresRelative risks of death adjusted for age, parity, social class, and smoking.

resultsOver the 25 year follow up 1599 deaths were reported. Over the entire period of follow up the risk of death from all causes was similar in ever users and never users of oral contraceptives (relative risk=1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.9 to 1.1; P=0.7) and the risk of death for most specific causes did not differ significantly in the two groups. However, among current and recent (within 10 years) users the relative risk of death from ovarian cancer was 0.2 (0.1 to 0.8; P=0.01), from cervical cancer 2.5 (1.1 to 6.1; P=0.04), and from cerebrovascular disease 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1, P=0.009). By contrast, for women who had stopped use >/= 10 years previously there were no significant excesses or deficits either overall or for any specific cause of death.

conclusionOral contraceptives seem to have their main effect on mortality while they are being used and in the 10 years after use ceases. Ten or more years after use ceases mortality in past users is similar to that in never users.

Indexed as

MortalityCause of DeathCohort StudiesContraceptives, OralFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMiddle AgedParityRegistriesRisk FactorsSurvival RateTime FactorsUnited KingdomContraceptives, OralBiologyCancerCauses Of DeathCerebrovascular EffectsCervical CancerContraceptionContraceptive MethodsContraceptive UsageDemographic FactorsDeveloped CountriesDiseasesEuropeExcess MortalityFamily PlanningMortalityNeoplasmsNorthern EuropeOral ContraceptivesPhysiologyPopulationPopulation DynamicsResearch ReportRisk FactorsUnited Kingdom

Identifiers

PMID9880284
PMCPMC27684

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