ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1999
A two-step, two-signal model for the primary activation of precursor helper T cells.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1999. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00505375 (Effects of CTLA-4 Ig), which is not on this map. Cited by 161 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of CTLA-4 Ig (Abatacept) On The Progression of Type 1 Diabetes In New Onset Subjects
Who cites it
161 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- Discovery of CD4+ T cell-recognized B. pertussis antigens that reduce airway colonization.JCI insight · 2026Article
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- Cellular hallmarks and aging clock of the human lung parenchyma.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Do Metastatic Cells Arise from PD-L1International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle enhances mRNA delivery and T cell-mediated immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Clinical Development of Bispecific Antibodies: Review, Advances, and Challenges in Hematological Malignancies.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Dysfunctional CD4 T cells in an oncovirus-specific TCR-transgenic in vivo model.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Cross-Priming and Cross-Tolerance After Intramuscular mRNA Vaccination for Viral Infections: Feasibility and Implications.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Invisible Lens: Why Theoretical Models Are Essential for Interpreting Immune Phenomena.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Challenges and perspectives of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumours: insights from gastric cancer.British journal of cancer · 2025Review
- A vascular-associated fibroblastic cell controls pancreatic islet immunity.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Harnessing mRNA-lipid nanoparticles as innovative therapies for autoimmune diseases.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota affects PD-L1 therapy and its mechanism in melanoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Review
- Human breast milk-derived exosomes attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced activation in microglia.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- On the nature of signal 1 delivered to lymphocytes: A critical response to some considerations put forward in support of the quantum model of T cell activation.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Dendrobine Suppresses Tumor Growth by Regulating the PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Pathway in Lung Cancer.Current cancer drug targets · 2025Article
- Production of mRNA-Loaded Dendritic Cell Cancer Vaccines.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
101 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
I present here a new model for the primary activation of precursor helper T cells. Observations demonstrate that the immune system learns not to respond to extrathymic, organ-specific self-antigens because of their early appearance in development. The immune system thus discriminates between peripheral self-antigens and foreign antigens and, when mature, usually makes an immune response against only the latter. Contemporary models for the activation and inactivation of T helper (Th) function do not account for such discrimination. The model proposed here is consistent with contemporary findings and incorporates a mechanism of peripheral self-nonself discrimination.
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