ArticleJournal of virology1998
Human-specific integrations of the HERV-K endogenous retrovirus family.
Article in Journal of virology, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers.
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Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 242 citations in OpenAlex.
- Downregulation of miRNAs Accompanies Increased HERV-K (HML-2) Expression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- LEMONmethyl-seq: Targeted long-read DNA methylation profiling reveals dynamics of CRISPR epigenome editing and endogenous DNA methylation patterns.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The increased expression levels of human endogenous retrovirus-K envelope and human endogenous retrovirus-H polymerase transcripts in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Type I interferons increase expression of endogenous retrovirus K102 and envelope protein in myeloid cells from patients with autoimmune disease.Mobile DNA · 2025Article
- Transcriptome analysis of the effect of HERV-K env gene knockout in ovarian cancer cell lines.Genes & genomics · 2024Article
- Functional Bidirectionality of ERV-Derived Long Non-Coding RNAs in Humans.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Comprehensive Identification and Characterization of HML-9 Group in Chimpanzee Genome.Viruses · 2024Article
- Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K (HML-2)-Related Genetic Variation: Human Genome Diversity and Disease.Genes · 2023Review
- Human endogenous retrovirus K contributes to a stem cell niche in glioblastoma.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Classification of domains in predicted structures of the human proteome.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Diseases.Sub-cellular biochemistry · 2023Article
- Z-DNA-Containing Long Terminal Repeats of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families Provide Alternative Promoters for Human Functional Genes.Molecules and cells · 2022Review
- Comprehensive identification and characterization of the HERV-K (HML-9) group in the human genome.Retrovirology · 2022Article
- Article
- Human reproduction is regulated by retrotransposons derived from ancient Hominidae-specific viral infections.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Significant Upregulation of HERV-K (HML-2) Transcription Levels in Human Lung Cancer and Cancer Cells.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Endogenous Retroviral Elements in Human Development and Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumors.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
- Endogenous retroviruses in the origins and treatment of cancer.Genome biology · 2021Review
- The Transposable Element Environment of Human Genes Differs According to Their Duplication Status and Essentiality.Genome biology and evolution · 2021Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several distinct families of endogenous retrovirus-like sequences (HERVs) exist in the genomes of humans and other primates. One of these families, the HERV-K group, contains members that encode functional proteins and that have been implicated in the etiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Because of potential functional and disease relevance, it is important to determine if there are HERV-K-associated genetic differences between individuals. In this study, we have investigated the divergence and evolutionary age of HERV-K long terminal repeats (LTRs). Thirty-seven LTRs, taken primarily from random human clones in GenBank, were aligned and grouped into nine clusters with decreasing sequence divergence. Cluster 1 sequences are 8.6% divergent, on average, whereas cluster 9 LTRs, represented by the LTRs of the fully sequenced HERV-K10 clone, show an average of only 1.1% divergence from each other. The evolutionary age of 18 LTRs from different clusters was then investigated by genomic PCR to determine presence or absence of the retroviral element in different primate species. LTRs from clusters of higher divergence were detected in monkeys and apes, whereas LTRs in clusters with lower divergence were acquired later in evolution. Notably, LTRs of cluster 9 were found only in humans at all nine loci examined. Genomic Southern analysis with an oligonucleotide probe specific for cluster 9 LTRs suggests that HERV-K elements with this type of LTR expanded independently in the genomes of humans and the great apes. This is the first report of endogenous retroviral integrations that are specific to humans and indicates that some HERVs have amplified much later than previously thought. These elements may still be actively transposing and may therefore represent a source of genetic variation linked to disease development.
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