Topotecan. A review of its potential in advanced ovarian cancer.

The topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan has shown antitumour activity against a variety of tumour types in vitro and in vivo. Topotecan in combination with drugs that induce DNA damage generally results in synergistic killing of tumour cells in vitro. As the activity of topotecan is related to exposure time, the drug is administered by intravenous infusion either continuously or once daily over a 30-minute period for several consecutive days. A 30-minute infusion of topotecan 1.5 mg/m2 on 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks produced response rates of up to approximately 20% in patients with advanced ovarian cancer who had failed to respond to platinum-based regimens or relapsed after initial response to such regimens. No significant differences in efficacy were apparent between topotecan and paclitaxel in a phase III study in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, although a trend in favour of topotecan was evident for all major efficacy parameters. Non-cumulative myelosuppression, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia, is the dose-limiting toxicity associated with topotecan. Myelo-suppression was significantly more common with topotecan than with paclitaxel in a single comparative study. Non-haematological adverse events in topotecan recipients are generally mild and include alopecia, nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal problems. Thus, topotecan has modest efficacy in the treatment of recurrent advanced ovarian cancer, with clinical activity similar to that of paclitaxel in a large randomised phase III study in this setting. Combinations of paclitaxel and a platinum compound are being used increasingly for first-line therapy, although relapse rates remain significant. Topotecan is therefore a suitable second-line option, providing antitumour response for some patients whose disease has relapsed after, or is refractory to, platinum-based therapy. Its wider potential when used either alone or in combination regimens should become clearer from ongoing studies.