ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology1998
Prevalence of and factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients in southern Spain.
Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis among people with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- Identification of asymptomatic Leishmania infections: a scoping review.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Asymptomatic carriers of Leishmania infantum in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Morocco.Parasitology research · 2018Article
- Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and associated factors among Visceral Leishmaniasis infected patients in Northwest Ethiopia: a facility based cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Magnitude of visceral leishmaniasis and poor treatment outcome among HIV patients: meta-analysis and systematic review.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2016Article
- Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2010Review
- Leishmaniases in Northern Greece: seroprevalence of the infection and incidence of the disease during the period 2001-2006.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2008Article
- Use of noninvasive markers to detect Leishmania infection in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2006Article
- Unusual duodenal presentation of leishmaniasis.Journal of clinical pathology · 2005Article
- Noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2004Article
- Opsonization modulates Rac-1 activation during cell entry by Leishmania amazonensis.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Incidence of and risk factors for symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients from Spain in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2002Article
- Visceral leishmaniasis in Malta--an 18 year paediatric, population based study.Archives of disease in childhood · 2000Article
- Optimized PCR using patient blood samples for diagnosis and follow-up of visceral Leishmaniasis, with special reference to AIDS patients.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2000Article
- Leishmaniasis at the End of the Millennium.Current infectious disease reports · 1999Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The actual prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis among human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients in the Mediterranean basin remains unknown. There is also controversy about the risk factors for Leishmania infantum and HIV-1 coinfection. To appraise the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with HIV-1 in southern Spain and to identify factors associated with this disease, 291 HIV-1 carriers underwent a bone marrow aspiration, regardless of their symptoms. Giemsa-stained samples were searched for Leishmania amastigotes. Thirty-two (11%) patients showed visceral leishmaniasis. Thirteen (41%) patients had subclinical cases of infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) clinical category C was the factor most strongly associated with this disease (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.88 [95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 2.88]), but patients with subclinical cases of infection were found in all CDC categories. Female sex was negatively associated with visceral leishmaniasis (adjusted OR, 0.42 [95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.97]). Intravenous drug users showed a higher prevalence than the remaining patients (13.3 versus 4.9%; P = 0.04), but such an association was not independent. These results show that visceral leishmaniasis is a very prevalent disease among HIV-1-infected patients in southern Spain, with a high proportion of cases being subclinical. Like other opportunistic infections, subclinical visceral leishmaniasis can be found at any stage of HIV-1 infection, but symptomatic cases of infection appear mainly when a deep immunosuppression is present. There is also an association of this disease with male sex and intravenous drug use.
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