ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology1998
A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates.
Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 324 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Bacterial probiotics as an aid in the control of Clostridium difficile disease in neonatal pigs.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2016Trial
- In-depth characterization of accessory gene regulator loci and associated virulence factors inCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
- Diagnosis ofJournal of medical microbiology · 2024Review
- Ribotypes and New Virulent Strains Across Europe.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- An Updated View on the Cellular Uptake and Mode-of-Action of Clostridioides difficile Toxins.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
- Review of the Impact of Biofilm Formation on RecurrentMicroorganisms · 2023Review
- Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of the Nontoxigenic Clostridioides difficile Strain CCUG37785 and Demonstration of Its Therapeutic Potential for the Prevention of C. difficile Infection.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- High contamination rates of shoes of veterinarians, veterinary support staff and veterinary students with Clostridioides difficile spores.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
- Prevalence, Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibility ofInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Relative Role of Toxins A and B in the Virulence ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Isolation and characterization of a multidrug-resistantJournal of environmental health science & engineering · 2020Article
- Comparative genomics ofMicrobial genomics · 2020Article
- Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Zoonotic and Livestock Diseases.Microbiology spectrum · 2020Review
- Ribotype Classification ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Review
- Virulence of new variant strains ofNew microbes and new infections · 2019Article
- Pathogenicity locus determinants and toxinotyping ofNew microbes and new infections · 2018Article
- Review
- Toxin-positiveGut · 2018Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Two hundred nineteen Clostridium difficile isolates from 22 serogroups were screened for changes in the genes coding for toxin B (tcdB) and toxin A (tcdA). Parts of the toxin genes were amplified, and the PCR fragments were checked for length polymorphisms and cut with several restriction enzymes to monitor restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). For 47 strains (21%), differences in the toxin genes were found compared to the toxin genes of reference strain VPI 10,463. Polymorphisms were usually observed in both toxin genes. RFLPs were more commonly found in the tcdB gene, in which a single restriction enzyme could give up to five different patterns. Restriction sites seemed to be less heterogeneous in the tcdA gene, in which for most enzymes only two different RFLPs were recognized. However, deletions were observed in tcdA, and four new types of shortened tcdA genes are described. According to the changes in their toxin genes, variant strains could be divided into 10 groups (toxinotypes I to X). A toxinotype was characterized by similar patterns of changes in the toxin genes and in other regions of the pathogenicity locus and also similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Variant toxinotypes were found in 9 of the 22 serogroups studied, and some toxinotypes were clearly associated with specific serogroups. Toxinotype VIII is characteristic for all strains of serogroup F. Other serogroups in which variant toxinotypes were commonly found are A1, A15, E, and X. Testing of variability in C. difficile toxin genes not only might be useful as a molecular typing system but also could have implications in diagnostics and pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.