ArticleBiophysical journal1998
Protein folding: matching theory and experiment.
Article in Biophysical journal, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Native and unfolded cytochrome c--comparison of dynamics using 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2008Article
- Nonnative helical motif in a chaperone-bound protein fragment.Biophysical journal · 2008Article
- Universality and diversity of folding mechanics for three-helix bundle proteins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2008Article
- Effects of serine-to-cysteine mutations on beta-lactamase folding.Biophysical journal · 2007Article
- Conformational equilibration time of unfolded protein chains and the folding speed limit.Biochemistry · 2007Article
- Evidence of discrete substates and unfolding pathways in green fluorescent protein.Biophysical journal · 2007Article
- Probing the kinetics of single molecule protein folding.Biophysical journal · 2004Article
- Solvent-amino acid interaction energies in three-dimensional-lattice Monte Carlo simulations of a model 27-mer protein: Folding thermodynamics and kinetics.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2004Article
- Analysis of multiple folding routes of proteins by a coarse-grained dynamics model.Biophysical journal · 2001Article
- Secondary structure prediction and folding of globular protein: refolding of ferredoxin.Journal of protein chemistry · 2001Article
- Protein folding and unfolding on a complex energy landscape.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2000Article
- Kinetic evidence of an on-pathway intermediate in the folding of lysozyme.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2000Article
- Searching for "downhill scenarios" in protein folding.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1999Review
- Thermodynamics and kinetics of a folded-folded' transition at valine-9 of a GCN4-like leucine zipper.Biophysical journal · 1999Article
- A specific transition state for S-peptide combining with folded S-protein and then refolding.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1999Article
- Kinetic evidence for an on-pathway intermediate in the folding of cytochrome c.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1999Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The impact of folding funnels and folding simulations on the way experimentalists interpret results is examined. The image of the transition state has changed from a unique species that has a strained configuration, with a correspondingly high free energy, to a more ordinary folding intermediate, whose balance between limited conformational entropy and stabilizing contacts places it at the top of the free energy barrier. Evidence for a broad transition barrier comes from studies showing that mutations can change the position of the barrier. The main controversial issue now is whether populated folding intermediates are productive on-pathway intermediates or dead-end traps. Direct experimental evidence is needed. Theories suggesting that populated intermediates are trapped in a glasslike state are usually based on mechanisms which imply that trapping would only be extremely short-lived (e.g., nanoseconds) in water at 25 degrees C. There seems to be little experimental evidence for long-lived trapping in monomers, if folding aggregates are excluded. On the other hand, there is good evidence for kinetic trapping in dimers. alpha-Helix formation is currently the fastest known process in protein folding, and incipient helices are present at the start of folding. Fast helix formation has the effect of narrowing drastically the choice of folding routes. Thus helix formation can direct folding. It changes the folding metaphor from pouring liquid down a folding funnel to a train leaving a switchyard with only a few choices of exit tracks.
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