ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1998
Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in human atherosclerosis and regulation in macrophages by colony stimulating factors and oxidized low density lipoprotein.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 177 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
177 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 721 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The Role of Transcription Factor PPAR-γ in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis, Skin Cells, and Immune Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
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- Critical role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in promoting platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis under hyperlipidemia.Haematologica · 2022Article
- PPARγ enhances ILC2 function during allergic airway inflammation via transcription regulation of ST2.Mucosal immunology · 2021Article
- Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Pathways via Lipid-Sensing Nuclear Receptors PPARs, FXR, and LXR in NASH.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2021Review
- Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins: Biologically Active Lipid Mediators Targeting Inflammation.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- PPARgamma in Metabolism, Immunity, and Cancer: Unified and Diverse Mechanisms of Action.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
117 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that has been demonstrated to regulate fat cell development and glucose homeostasis. PPARgamma is also expressed in a subset of macrophages and negatively regulates the expression of several proinflammatory genes in response to natural and synthetic ligands. We here demonstrate that PPARgamma is expressed in macrophage foam cells of human atherosclerotic lesions, in a pattern that is highly correlated with that of oxidation-specific epitopes. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which are known to be present in atherosclerotic lesions, stimulated PPARgamma expression in primary macrophages and monocytic cell lines. PPARgamma mRNA expression was also induced in primary macrophages and THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Inhibition of protein kinase C blocked the induction of PPARgamma expression by TPA, but not by oxLDL, suggesting that more than one signaling pathway regulates PPARgamma expression in macrophages. TPA induced the expression of PPARgamma in RAW 264.7 macrophages by increasing transcription from the PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma3 promoters. In concert, these observations provide insights into the regulation of PPARgamma expression in activated macrophages and raise the possibility that PPARgamma ligands may influence the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.