ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology1998
Culture-confirmed reinfection of a person with different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto.
Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical data on symptomatic cutaneous reinfections due to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Slovenia.Infection · 2026Article
- Lower Frequency of Multiple Erythema Migrans Skin Lesions in Lyme Reinfections, Europe.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Seroprevalence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Evaluation of the Importance of VlsE Antigenic Variation for the Enzootic Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi.PloS one · 2015Article
- MyD88- and TRIF-independent induction of type I interferon drives naive B cell accumulation but not loss of lymph node architecture in Lyme disease.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- Article
- Vaccination against Lyme disease: past, present, and future.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2013Review
- Differentiation of reinfection from relapse in recurrent Lyme disease.The New England journal of medicine · 2012Article
- Delays and diversions mark the development of B cell responses to Borrelia burgdorferi infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Article
- Reinfection with Lyme borreliosis presenting as a painful polyradiculopathy: Bannwarth's, Beevor's and Borrelia.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2006Article
- Environmental regulation and differential production of members of the Bdr protein family of Borrelia burgdorferi.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years, the utility of serum-based diagnostic testing for Lyme disease has improved substantially; however, recovery by culture of the bacterium from skin biopsies of suspected patients is still the only definitive laboratory test. Reinfection of patients has been assumed to occur but as yet has not been documented by serial isolates from the same person. We present a case of culture-confirmed reinfection of a patient in Menominee County, Michigan. Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from the skin punch biopsy specimens during each episode of erythema migrans (EM) and was subjected to molecular strain typing, genetic analysis of two outer surface protein genes, protein profile analysis, and serum antibody response testing. Results show that these isolates are distinct strains of the bacterium and that the two episodes of EM were caused by independent infections. This report describes the documented, culture-confirmed reinfection of a human by two different strains of B. burgdorferi.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.