ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine1998
B lymphocytes induce the formation of follicular dendritic cell clusters in a lymphotoxin alpha-dependent fashion.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 301 citations in OpenAlex.
- Activated Peripheral Blood B Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Relationship to Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment and Response: A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Effects of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor on B Cells.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Trial
- Changes in B- and T-lymphocyte and chemokine levels with rituximab treatment in multiple sclerosis.Archives of neurology · 2010Trial
- Tertiary Lymphoid Structure: A Potential Therapeutic Target Affecting Immune Response in Autoimmune Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Homeostatic mature dendritic cells instruct fibroblast specialization via Notch2 signaling to establish T cell niches.Immunity · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics from pancreas and local draining lymph node tissue reveals a lymphotoxin-β signature in human type 1 diabetes.Cell reports · 2026Article
- The Immunopathogenesis of uveitis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Pleiotropic and multicellular roles of lymphotoxin beta receptor in solid tumor immunity and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Lymphotoxin beta receptorInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Distinct roles for B cell-derived LTα3 and LTα1β2 in TNF-mediated ileitis.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Maturation of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Tipping the Scale: Atheroprotective IgM-Producing B Cells in Atherosclerosis.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2024Review
- Fibrotic progression from acute cellular rejection is dependent on secondary lymphoid organs in a mouse model of chronic lung allograft dysfunction.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2024Article
- B cell development and antibody responses in human immune system mice: current status and future perspective.Science China. Life sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Heterogeneity of tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Involvement of B cells in the development of systemic sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Development of follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes depends on retinoic acid-mediated signaling.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2021Article
- Long-term exposure to monoclonal anti-TNF is associated with an increased risk of lymphoma in BAFF-transgenic mice.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2021Article
- Follicular dendritic cell dysfunction contributes to impaired antigen-specific humoral responses in sepsis-surviving mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Article
- ILC3s control splenic cDC homeostasis via lymphotoxin signaling.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2021Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT)alpha is expressed by activated T cells, especially CD4(+) T helper type 1 cells, and by activated B and natural killer cells, but the functions of this molecule in vivo are incompletely defined. We have previously shown that follicular dendritic cell (FDC) clusters and germinal centers (GCs) are absent from the peripheral lymphoid tissues of LTalpha-deficient (LTalpha-/-) mice. LTalpha-/- mice produce high levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M, but very low levels of IgG after immunization with sheep red blood cells. We show here that LTalpha-expressing B cells are essential for the recovery of primary, secondary, and memory humoral immune responses in LTalpha-/- mice. It is not necessary for T cells to express LTalpha to support these immune functions. Importantly, LTalpha-expressing B cells alone are essential and sufficient for the formation of FDC clusters. Once these clusters are formed by LTalpha-expressing B cells, then LTalpha-deficient T cells can interact with B cells to generate GCs and productive class-switched antibody responses. Thus, B cells themselves provide an essential signal that induces and maintains the lymphoid microenvironment essential for GC formation and class-switched Ig responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.