ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology1998
Ambient pH is a major determinant in the expression of cuticle-degrading enzymes and hydrophobin by Metarhizium anisopliae.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 173 citations in OpenAlex.
- EntomopathogenicApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Effect of insect cuticular compounds on appressorium formation and metabolic activity inFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Entomopathogenic fungi, plasma-activated water, and their synergistic effects for sustainable management ofFrontiers in fungal biology · 2026Article
- Glutamate dehydrogenase 2 is required for virulence by facilitating fungal growth in the host hemocoel.Virulence · 2025Article
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- In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of protein hydrolysates via alkaline autolysis of Fusarium venenatum mycoprotein.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- MaAzaR Influences Virulence ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Fungi rather than bacteria drive early mass loss from fungal necromass regardless of particle size.Environmental microbiology reports · 2024Article
- Performance of3 Biotech · 2024Article
- Optimizing the Application Timing and Dosage of Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) as a Biological Control Agent of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae.Journal of medical entomology · 2023Article
- Host-Pathogen Interactions betweenJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Adsorption Kinetics and Self-Assembled Structures of Aspergillus oryzae Hydrophobin RolA on Hydrophobic and Charged Solid Surfaces.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Article
- The Beauveria bassiana Gas3 β-Glucanosyltransferase Contributes to Fungal Adaptation to Extreme Alkaline Conditions.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2018Article
- The Insect Pathogens.Microbiology spectrum · 2017Review
- Secondary metabolite gene clusters in the entomopathogen fungus Metarhizium anisopliae: genome identification and patterns of expression in a cuticle infection model.BMC genomics · 2016Article
- Fungi with multifunctional lifestyles: endophytic insect pathogenic fungi.Plant molecular biology · 2016Review
- Natural variation in virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against malaria mosquitoes.Malaria journal · 2014Article
- Comparative genome analysis of entomopathogenic fungi reveals a complex set of secreted proteins.BMC genomics · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Secretion of proteolytic and chitinolytic enzymes is a hallmark of infection processes of Metralhizium anisopliae in response to host (insect) cuticular signals. The regulation of these enzymes (subtilisin-like proteases [Pr1a and Pr1b], trypsin-like proteases [Pr2], metalloproteases, aspartyl proteases, aminopeptidase, and chitinases) and a hydrophobin was investigated by Northern analysis and/or enzyme assay. The production of each enzyme showed a differential expression pattern in response to ambient pH; enzymes were synthesized only at pHs at which they function effectively, irrespective of whether the medium contained an inductive cuticle substrate. Three aspartyl proteases (pH optimum, 3), and chitinase (pH optimum, 5) showed maximal accumulation at acidic pHs. The highest level of aminopeptidase (pH optimum, 7) was detected at pH 7. The highest levels of five metalloproteases (pH optima, ca. 7) were detected over the pH range 6 to 8. Two trypsins and several subtilisin-like Pr1 isoforms with pH optima of ca. 8 were produced only under alkaline conditions. Northern analysis of RNA species corresponding to seven cDNA sequences encoding proteases and chitinase confirmed that the ambient pH played a major role in gene expression of secreted proteins. Hydrophobin was expressed almost equally at pHs 5 and 8 but was not expressed at pH 3. During fungal penetration, the pH of infected cuticle rises from about 6.3 to 7.7. Consistent with pH regulation of enzyme production, serine and metalloproteases were produced in situ during infection, but no production of aspartyl proteases was found. We propose that the alkalinity of infected cuticle represents a physiological signal that triggers the production of virulence factors.
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