ArticleInfection and immunity1998
Interleukin-4-dependent immunoglobulin G1 isotype switch in the presence of a polarized antigen-specific Th1-cell response to the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human immune response to primary cryptosporidiosis parallels murine infection models.Infection and immunity · 2026Article
- Killed whole-cell Staphylococcus aureus formulation in Montanide ISA266 and Alum adjuvants: different vaccine formulations varied in the vaccine's potency and efficacy.Immunologic research · 2025Article
- Trypanosoma vivax elicits both Th1 and Th2 immunological responses in experimentally infected cattle.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluation of the Immunoprotective Potential of Recombinant Paraflagellar Rod Proteins ofVaccines · 2020Article
- Infections With Extracellular Trypanosomes Require Control by Efficient Innate Immune Mechanisms and Can Result in the Destruction of the Mammalian Humoral Immune System.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Host Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Strategies in African Trypanosomiasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Critical for Regulation of Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Resistance to ExperimentalFrontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Immune Evasion Strategies of Trypanosoma brucei within the Mammalian Host: Progression to Pathogenicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2016Review
- Protective antibody and cytokine responses in mice following immunization with recombinant beta-tubulin and subsequent Trypanosoma evansi challenge.Parasites & vectors · 2015Article
- Distinct Contributions of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells to Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei Infection in the Context of Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-10.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- NK-, NKT- and CD8-Derived IFNγ Drives Myeloid Cell Activation and Erythrophagocytosis, Resulting in Trypanosomosis-Associated Acute Anemia.PLoS pathogens · 2015Article
- The B cell adaptor molecule Bam32 is critically important for optimal antibody response and resistance to Trypanosoma congolense infection in mice.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Regulatory T cells enhance susceptibility to experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection independent of mouse genetic background.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Article
- Biological variation among african trypanosomes: I. Clonal expression of virulence is not linked to the variant surface glycoprotein or the variant surface glycoprotein gene telomeric expression site.DNA and cell biology · 2010Article
- Trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma brucei as a potential target for DNA vaccine development against African trypanosomiasis.Parasitology research · 2009Article
- Processing and presentation of variant surface glycoprotein molecules to T cells in African trypanosomiasis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2009Article
- T-cell responses to the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein are not limited to hypervariable subregions.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
- Type I IFNs play a role in early resistance, but subsequent susceptibility, to the African trypanosomes.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2008Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This study examines B-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) class-switching events in the context of parasite antigen-specific Th-cell responses in experimental African trypanosomiasis. Inbred mice were infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and the coordinate stimulation of Th-cell cytokine responses and B-cell responses to the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) was measured. The cytokines produced by T cells in response to VSG, at both the transcript and protein levels, were gamma interferon and interleukin-2 (IL-2) but not IL-4 or IL-5. Isotype profiles of antibodies specific for VSG showed that IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 switch responses predominated; no VSG-specific IgE responses were detected. To determine whether cryptic IL-4 responses played a role in promoting the unexpected IgG1 switch response, IL-4 knockout mice were infected; the cytokine responses and Ig isotype profiles of IL-4 knockout mice were identical to those of the wild-type control mice except for dramatically reduced IgG1 levels in response to VSG. Thus, these results revealed an IL-4-dependent component of the VSG-driven B-cell Cmu-to-Cgamma1 switch. We speculate that an IL-4 response is mediated primarily by cells other than T lymphocytes since IL-4-secreting but parasite antigen-unresponsive, "background" cells were detected in all infected mice and since infected nude mice also displayed a detectable IgG1 switch response. Overall, our results suggest that B-cell clonal stimulation, maturation, and Ig class switching in African trypanosomiasis may be partially regulated by unusual mechanisms that do not include antigen-specific Th1 or Th2 cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.