ArticleDiabetologia1997
Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study.
Article in Diabetologia, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00005680 (Whitehall II - Social and Occupational Influences On Health and Illness), which is not on this map. Cited by 113 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Whitehall II - Social and Occupational Influences On Health and Illness
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Migration and dementia: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies in Europe.Psychological medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Unevenly distributed: a systematic review of the health literature about socioeconomic inequalities in adult obesity in the United Kingdom.BMC public health · 2012Pooled it
- What is the relationship between exercise and metabolic abnormalities? A review of the metabolic syndrome.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2004Pooled it
- Educational gradient in physiological risk factors in a workplace: a decomposition analysis of biomarkers.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Enhancing the regulatory function of the autonomic nervous system using sounds with inaudible high-frequency components.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Food insecurity is associated with metabolic syndrome among US adults: NHANES 2005-2016.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Cardiometabolic syndrome in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative cohort study.Cardiovascular endocrinology & metabolism · 2023Article
- Effects of Customized Digital Health Care Service on Metabolic Syndrome Status and Lifestyle Using a Health Care App: Clinical Trial.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in metabolic syndrome and its components in a sample of Iranian Kurdish adults.Epidemiology and health · 2023Article
- Dietary Customs and Social Deprivation in an Aging Population From Southern Italy: A Machine Learning Approach.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Prediction and predictor elucidation of metabolic syndrome onset among young workers using machine learning techniques: A nationwide study in Japan.Environmental and occupational health practice · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Metabolic Syndrome by Age and Gender in a Spanish Working Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Article
- Spatial Analysis of Incidence of Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association With Obesity and Physical Inactivity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Mediterranean diet, stress resilience, and aging in nonhuman primates.Neurobiology of stress · 2020Article
- Association between Periodontitis and Metabolic Syndrome in a Korean Nationally Representative Sample of Adults Aged 35-79 Years.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Risk Complications among Koreans.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Midlife contributors to socioeconomic differences in frailty during later life: a prospective cohort study.The Lancet. Public health · 2018Article
- Integrating Biomarkers in Social Stratification and Health Research.Annual review of sociology · 2018Article
- Allostatic load as a predictor of grey matter volume and white matter integrity in old age: The Whitehall II MRI study.Scientific reports · 2018Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This report describes the social distribution of central obesity and the metabolic syndrome at the Whitehall II study phase 3 examination, and assesses the contribution of health related behaviours to their distribution. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted utilising data collected in 1991-1993 from 4978 men and 2035 women aged 39-63 years who completed an oral glucose tolerance test. There was an inverse social gradient in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for having the metabolic syndrome comparing lowest with highest employment grade was: men 2.2 (1.6-2.9), women 2.8 (1.6-4.8). Odds ratios for occupying the top quintile of the following variables, comparing lowest with highest grade, were, for waist-hip ratio: men 2.2 (1.8-2.8), women 1.6 (1.1-2.4); post-load glucose: men 1.4 (1.1-1.8), women 1.8 (1.2-2.6); triglycerides: men 1.6 (1.2-2.0), women 2.2 (1.5-3.3); fibrinogen: men 1.7 (1.4-2.3), women 1.9 (1.2-2.8). Current smoking status, alcohol consumption and exercise level made a small contribution (men 11%, women 9%) to the inverse association between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome prevalence. In conclusion, central obesity, components of the metabolic syndrome and plasma fibrinogen are strongly and inversely associated with socioeconomic status. Our findings suggest the metabolic syndrome may contribute to the biological explanation of social inequalities in coronary risk. Health related behaviours appear to account for little of the social patterning of metabolic syndrome prevalence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.