ReviewClinical microbiology reviews1997
A primer on cytokines: sources, receptors, effects, and inducers.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 297 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dysregulation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in First-Episode Major Depressive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Oxidative Stress in Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia: Mechanistic and Clinical Insights.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Determination of TH1 and TH2 cytokine polarization according to parturition type in dairy cows.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 reduce cell viability and differentially alter biofilm structure and gene expression levels inFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Gut-Brain Crosstalk and the Central Mechanisms of Orofacial Pain.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Some new insights into the biological activities of carboxymethylated polysaccharides from Lasiodiplodia theobromae.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2023Article
- Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor recurrence.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2023Review
- Is There a Difference between the Preoperative and Postoperative Serum Levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Children Submitted to Adenotonsillectomy?International archives of otorhinolaryngology · 2022Article
- Innate Immune System Response to Burn Damage-Focus on Cytokine Alteration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Cytokines in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy.Journal of immunology research · 2022Review
- Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes.Communications biology · 2021Review
- Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in metastasis.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2021Review
- Blutaparon portulacoides ethanolic extract reduced IL-1β and inflammatory parameters induced by the Mycobacterium complex and carrageenan in mice.Inflammopharmacology · 2021Article
- Obesity Increases Gene Expression of Markers Associated With Immunosenescence in Obese Middle-Aged Individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- A Concise Review: The Role of Stem Cells in Cancer Progression and Therapy.OncoTargets and therapy · 2021Review
- Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on intestinal morphology and intestinal immune cells of Muscovy ducklings infected with Muscovy duck reovirus.Poultry science · 2021Article
- Differential levels of inflammatory and neuroendocrine markers in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex of bipolar disorder subjects: A post-mortem study.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Article
- Influences of dietary flavonoid (quercetin) supplementation on growth performance and immune response of growing pigs challenged withJournal of animal science and technology · 2020Article
- Cytokines, Masticatory Muscle Inflammation, and Pain: an Update.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2020Review
- Increased circulating cytokine levels in African American women with obesity and elevated HbA1c.Cytokine · 2020Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protection against pathogens is a prerequisite for survival of most organisms. To cope with this continuous challenge, complex defense mechanisms have evolved. The construction, adaptation, and maintenance of these mechanisms are under control of an extensive network of regulatory proteins called cytokines. A great number of cytokines have been described over the last 2 decades. This review consists of an overview of cytokines that are involved in immune responses and describes some historical and general aspects as well as prospective clinical applications. Major biological effects together with information on cytokine receptors, producers, inducers, and biochemical and molecular characteristics are listed in tables. In addition, some basic information is given on cytokine receptor signal transduction. Finally, the recent discoveries of cytokine receptors functioning as coreceptors in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus are summarized.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.