ReviewMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR1997
Shared themes of antigenic variation and virulence in bacterial, protozoal, and fungal infections.
Review in Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 246 citations in OpenAlex.
- A glycosylated lipooctapeptide promotes uptake and growth of Mycobacterium abscessus in the host.Nature communications · 2025Article
- An immune memory-structured SIS epidemiological model for hyperdiverse pathogens.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Giardia VSPAS7 protein attenuates Giardia intestinalis-induced host macrophage pyroptosis.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Drugging evolution of antibiotic resistance at a regulatory network hub.Science advances · 2023Article
- Identification of G-quadruplex DNA sequences in SARS-CoV2.Immunogenetics · 2022Article
- Identification of a novel variant erythrocyte surface antigen-1 (VESA1) in Babesia orientalis.Parasitology research · 2021Article
- An antigenic diversification threshold for falciparum malaria transmission at high endemicity.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Babesia bovis Rad51 ortholog influences switching of ves genes but is not essential for segmental gene conversion in antigenic variation.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Insights into the genetic variation profile of tprK in Treponema pallidum during the development of natural human syphilis infection.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Variable and Variant Protein Multigene Families inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- G-Quadruplexes: More Than Just a Kink in Microbial Genomes.Trends in microbiology · 2019Review
- Interactions between host immune response and antigenic variation that control Borrelia burgdorferi population dynamics.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2017Article
- Homologous Recombination in Protozoan Parasites and Recombinase Inhibitors.Frontiers in microbiology · 2017Review
- The Global Transcription Factor Lrp Controls Virulence Modulation in Xenorhabdus nematophila.Journal of bacteriology · 2015Article
- Genome evolution in trypanosomatid parasites.Parasitology · 2015Review
- Potentially conflicting selective forces that shape the vls antigenic variation system in Borrelia burgdorferi.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Transcriptome sequencing and analysis of Plasmodium gallinaceum reveals polymorphisms and selection on the apical membrane antigen-1.Malaria journal · 2014Article
- Hidden diversity in honey bee gut symbionts detected by single-cell genomics.PLoS genetics · 2014Article
- Article
- The evolutionary dynamics of variant antigen genes in Babesia reveal a history of genomic innovation underlying host-parasite interaction.Nucleic acids research · 2014Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes have evolved highly sophisticated mechanisms for colonizing host tissues and evading or deflecting assault by the immune response. The ability of these microbes to avoid clearance prolongs infection, thereby promoting their long-term survival within individual hosts and, through transmission, between hosts. Many pathogens are capable of extensive antigenic changes in the face of the multiple constitutive and dynamic components of host immune defenses. As a result, highly diverse populations that have widely different virulence properties can arise from a single infecting organism (clone). In this review, we consider the molecular and genetic features of antigenic variation and corresponding host-parasite interactions of different pathogenic bacterial, fungal, and protozoan microorganisms. The host and microbial molecules involved in these interactions often determine the adhesive, invasive, and antigenic properties of the infecting organisms and can dramatically affect the virulence and pathobiology of individual infections. Pathogens capable of such antigenic variation exhibit mechanisms of rapid mutability in confined chromosomal regions containing specialized genes designated contingency genes. The mechanisms of hypermutability of contingency genes are common to a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens and include promoter alterations, reading-frame shifts, gene conversion events, genomic rearrangements, and point mutations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.