ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology1997
Cigarette smoking, sex hormones and bone density in women.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gefitinib treatment affects androgen levels in non-small-cell lung cancer patients.British journal of cancer · 2005Trial
- Mediating role of inflammatory markers in the relationship between cotinine levels and total bone mineral density.PloS one · 2025Article
- Bone metabolism characteristics and gender differences in patients with COPD: a cross-sectional study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Parental smoking and risk of hypospadias: An updated meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Review
- Derivatization with 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine enhances sensitivity of analysis of 5α-dihydrotestosterone in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Journal of chromatography. A · 2021Article
- Association of phthalate exposure and endogenous hormones with self-reported sleep disruptions: results from the Midlife Women's Health Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Article
- Association of bone mineral density with lung function in a Chinese general population: the Xinxiang rural cohort study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2019Article
- Cigarette smoking and risk of adult glioma: a meta-analysis of 24 observational studies involving more than 2.3 million individuals.OncoTargets and therapy · 2016Article
- Recommendations for evaluation and management of bone disease in HIV.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2015Article
- Cigarette smoking and endometrial carcinoma risk: the role of effect modification and tumor heterogeneity.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2014Article
- Dose-related effect of urinary cotinine levels on bone mineral density among Korean females.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2013Article
- Nicotine alters male reproductive hormones in male albino rats: The role of cessation.Journal of human reproductive sciences · 2013Article
- The association of plasma androgen levels with breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer risk factors among postmenopausal women.International journal of cancer · 2010Article
- Cigarette smoking, androgen levels, and hot flushes in midlife women.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2008Article
- Neuroactive steroids, negative affect, and nicotine dependence severity in male smokers.Psychopharmacology · 2006Article
- Evaluation of easily measured risk factors in the prediction of osteoporotic fractures.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2005Article
- Smoking as a determinant for plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and DHEAs in postmenopausal women.European journal of epidemiology · 2005Article
- The risk for malignant primary adult-onset glioma in a large, multiethnic, managed-care cohort: cigarette smoking and other lifestyle behaviors.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2004Article
- Lifestyle, stress and cortisol response: Review II : Lifestyle.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2001Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It is known that among women over the age of 65, bone mineral density is lower, and the risk of hip fracture higher, in smokers than non-smokers. We report a study in 1334 health pre- and post-menopausal women aged 35-64 years, to determine whether this effect can be attributed to lower oestrogen levels in smokers. Among 676 premenopausal women forearm bone density was no lower in smokers (95% confidence interval 1% lower, 4% higher). Among 543 postmenopausal women who had not used hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for more than a year there was no statistically significant difference, but the lower confidence interval was consistent with a lower bone density in older smokers (by 8% at age 55-59, 16% at age 60-64). Measurements in 194 postmenopausal women not taking HRT showed that oestrone and oestradiol were similar in smokers and non-smokers, as were cortisol and FSH, LH and prolactin. Meta-analysis of the present study and previous studies confirmed significantly higher levels in smokers of the androgens DHEAS (by 37%) and androstenedione (by 34%). Oestrogens were no lower in smokers, and the lower confidence limit excluded more than a trivial effect of smoking in lowering oestrogen. These results indicate that the recognised lower bone density in elderly smokers cannot be explained by an effect of smoking on oestrogen, since in premenopausal women bone density is no lower in smokers and in postmenopausal women oestrogens are no lower in smokers. The data suggest a balance between higher androgen levels but lower rates of conversion of androgens to oestrogens in smokers. The effect of smoking on bone may be due to impaired response of bone and other target organs to oestrogen, or to actions independent of oestrogen.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.