ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1997
Evolution by the birth-and-death process in multigene families of the vertebrate immune system.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 376 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
376 citing papers in PubMed, 814 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding the structure of swine leukocyte antigen class I molecules.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- The Vertebrate Genomes Project Phase I: A global reference genome resource.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Chromosomal rearrangements and segmental deletions contribute to gene loss in squamates.BMC biology · 2026Article
- Birth and death evolution of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) gene family in Oryza species.Botanical studies · 2026Article
- Venom Variation as a Window into the Ecology and Evolution of Snakes.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Review
- An update on the characterization of immunoglobulin loci inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Evolution of SAMD9 and SAMD9L genes in primates: a complex history of gene loss, gene duplication and pseudogenization.Immunogenetics · 2025Article
- Article
- Exceptional diversity of allorecognition receptors in a nonvertebrate chordate reveals principles of innate allelic discrimination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Inbreeding does not reduce major histocompatibility complex diversity in the banded mongoose.BMC ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Deciphering the origins of guanylate-binding proteins in mammals (Monotreme, Marsupials and Placentals).BMC biology · 2025Article
- The Primate Major Histocompatibility Complex: A Case Study of Gene Family Evolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Selection of geographical populations suitable for artificial breeding of the Northeast China Brown Frog (Rana dybowskii).Die Naturwissenschaften · 2025Article
- Local gene duplications drive extensive NLR copy number variation across multiple genotypes of Theobroma cacao.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of the Zinc Antiviral Protein on the Genomic Composition of RNA Viruses Infecting Vertebrates.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Evolutionary analysis of CD300A and CD300C paired receptors in primates.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization of the T-cell receptor loci inFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Using bioinformatics to investigate functional diversity: a case study of MHC diversity in koalas.Immunogenetics · 2024Article
- Expansion of MHC-IIB Has Constrained the Evolution of MHC-IIA in Passerines.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Article
316 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Concerted evolution is often invoked to explain the diversity and evolution of the multigene families of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. However, this hypothesis has been controversial because the member genes of these families from the same species are not necessarily more closely related to one another than to the genes from different species. To resolve this controversy, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of several multigene families of the MHC and Ig systems. The results show that the evolutionary pattern of these families is quite different from that of concerted evolution but is in agreement with the birth-and-death model of evolution in which new genes are created by repeated gene duplication and some duplicate genes are maintained in the genome for a long time but others are deleted or become nonfunctional by deleterious mutations. We found little evidence that interlocus gene conversion plays an important role in the evolution of MHC and Ig multigene families.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.