ArticleThe EMBO journal1997
The extent of affinity maturation differs between the memory and antibody-forming cell compartments in the primary immune response.
Article in The EMBO journal, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 186 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
186 citing papers in PubMed, 439 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
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- Developmental trajectory of long-lived plasma cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Emerging novel methodologies to understand and strategically target long-lived plasma cells in vaccine design to induce durable immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- On the carrying capacity of the bone marrow survival niche in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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- Article
- Bats generate lower affinity but higher diversity antibody responses than those of mice, but pathogen-binding capacity increases if protein is restricted in their diet.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- New insights into the ontogeny, diversity, maturation and survival of long-lived plasma cells.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- mRNA-LNP prime boost evolves precursors toward VRC01-like broadly neutralizing antibodies in preclinical humanized mouse models.Science immunology · 2024Article
- B cell memory: from generation to reactivation: a multipronged defense wall against pathogens.Cell death discovery · 2024Review
- Lack of affinity signature for germinal center cells that have initiated plasma cell differentiation.Immunity · 2024Article
- Invertebrate Immunity, Natural Transplantation Immunity, Somatic and Germ Cell Parasitism, and Transposon Defense.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- A multiscale spatial modeling framework for the germinal center response.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
126 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immunization with protein-containing antigens results in two types of antigen-specific B cell: antibody forming cells (AFCs) producing antibody of progressively higher affinity and memory lymphocytes capable of producing high affinity antibody upon re-exposure to antigen. The issue of the inter-relationship between affinity maturation of memory B cells and AFCs was addressed through analysis of single, antigen-specific B cells from the memory and AFC compartments during the primary response to a model antigen. Only 65% of splenic memory B cells were found capable of producing high affinity antibody, meaning that low affinity cells persist into this compartment. In contrast, by 28 days after immunization all AFCs produced high affinity antibody. We identified a unique, persistent sub-population of bone marrow AFCs containing few somatic mutations, suggesting they arose early in the response, yet highly enriched for an identical affinity-enhancing amino acid exchange, suggesting strong selection. Our results imply that affinity maturation of a primary immune response occurs by the early selective differentiation of high affinity variants into AFCs which subsequently persist in the bone marrow. In contrast, the memory B-cell population contains few, if any, cells from the early response and is less stringently selected.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.