ArticleInfection and immunity1997
Protective immunity against Clostridium difficile toxin A induced by oral immunization with a live, attenuated Vibrio cholerae vector strain.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Aspects of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Vaccine Development.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2025Review
- Bioengineered Probiotics for Clostridioides difficile Infection: An Overview of the Challenges and Potential for This New Treatment Approach.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Review
- Immunization Strategies Against Clostridioides difficile.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Mucosal Vaccination Strategies againstVaccines · 2023Review
- Major pathogenicIranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2022Review
- Bioengineered Probiotics: Synthetic Biology Can Provide Live Cell Therapeutics for the Treatment of Foodborne Diseases.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Sublingual Adjuvant Delivery by a Live Attenuated Vibrio cholerae-Based Antigen Presentation Platform.mSphere · 2018Article
- Recombinant lipoprotein-based vaccine candidates against C. difficile infections.Journal of biomedical science · 2015Article
- Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of Truncated Fragments of the Receptor-Binding Domains of C. difficile Toxin A.PloS one · 2015Article
- A Cholera Conjugate Vaccine Containing O-specific Polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae O1 Inaba and Recombinant Fragment of Tetanus Toxin Heavy Chain (OSP:rTTHc) Induces Serum, Memory and Lamina Proprial Responses against OSP and Is Protective in Mice.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- A chimeric protein comprising the glucosyltransferase and cysteine proteinase domains of toxin B and the receptor binding domain of toxin A induces protective immunity against Clostridium difficile infection in mice and hamsters.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2015Article
- Antibodies for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Review
- Article
- Evaluation in mice of a conjugate vaccine for cholera made from Vibrio cholerae O1 (Ogawa) O-specific polysaccharide.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2014Article
- Vaccines against Clostridium difficile.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2014Review
- Protective efficacy induced by recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin fragments.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
- The protective effect of recombinant Lactococcus lactis oral vaccine on a Clostridium difficile-infected animal model.BMC gastroenterology · 2013Article
- The host immune response to Clostridium difficile infection.Therapeutic advances in infectious disease · 2013Review
- Protective antibody responses against Clostridium difficile elicited by a DNA vaccine expressing the enzymatic domain of toxin B.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2013Article
- Intrarectal instillation of Clostridium difficile toxin A triggers colonic inflammation and tissue damage: development of a novel and efficient mouse model of Clostridium difficile toxin exposure.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis through the action of Rho-modifying proteins, toxins A and B. Antibodies directed against C. difficile toxin A prevent or limit C. difficile-induced colitis. We engineered plasmid pETR14, containing the hlyB and hlyD genes of the Escherichia coli hemolysin operon, to express a fusion protein containing 720 amino acid residues from the nontoxic, receptor-binding, carboxy terminus of C. difficile toxin A and the secretion signal of E. coli hemolysin A. We introduced pETR14 into Vibrio cholerae and found that the toxin A-HlyA fusion protein was secreted by a number of V. cholerae strains and recognized by both monoclonal and polyclonal anti-C. difficile toxin A antibodies. We introduced pETR14 into an attenuated V. cholerae strain, O395-NT, and inoculated rabbits orally with this construct. Colonization studies disclosed that the V. cholerae vector containing pETR14 was recoverable from rabbit ilea up to 5 days after oral inoculation. Vaccination produced significant systemic anti-C. difficile toxin A immunoglobulin G and anti-V. cholerae vibriocidal antibody responses. Vaccination also produced significant protection against toxin A in an ileal loop challenge assay, as assessed by determination of both fluid secretion and histological changes. These results suggest that the hemolysin system of E. coli can be used successfully in V. cholerae vector strains to effect secretion of large heterologous antigens and that a V. cholerae vector strain secreting a nontoxic, immunogenic portion of C. difficile toxin A fused to the secretion signal of E. coli HlyA induces protective systemic and mucosal immunity against this toxin.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.