ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine1997
Isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis of a macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans acting at picomolar concentration.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 135 papers.
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Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 400 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intratumoural injection of the toll-like receptor-2/6 agonist 'macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2' in patients with pancreatic carcinoma: a phase I/II trial.British journal of cancer · 2007Trial
- Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2: synthetic diacylated lipopeptides polarize equine macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Mono-Palmitoyl-N-Alkylurea Ligands as Specific Activators of Human Toll-Like Receptor 2/6 Heterodimer.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Small molecule modulators of immune pattern recognition receptors.RSC chemical biology · 2023Review
- Incorporation of a Toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist potentiates mRNA vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Article
- Protective Efficacy of a Mucosal Influenza Vaccine Formulation Based on the Recombinant Nucleoprotein Co-Administered with a TLR2/6 Agonist BPPcysMPEG.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Pushing the envelope: Immune mechanism and application landscape of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Next-Generation Diprovocims with Potent Human and Murine TLR1/TLR2 Agonist Activity That Activate the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- Stereoisomeric PamRSC medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- Extracellular Ribosomal RNA Acts Synergistically with Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonists to Promote Inflammation.Cells · 2022Article
- The Influence of Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide-2 in Regard to Liver-Specific Changes Within a Murine Two-Hit Model.Inflammation · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2, Zika viruses and mycoplasma: Structure, pathogenesis and some treatment options in these emerging viral and bacterial infectious diseases.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease · 2021Article
- Pathophysiological Implication of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Fetal Membranes Rupture: RAGE and NLRP Inflammasome.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Lipopeptides for Vaccine Development.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2021Review
- Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 2: Polarization of Porcine Macrophages by a Mycoplasma-Derived Pam2cys Lipopeptide.Vaccines · 2021Article
- Protein cleavage influences surface protein presentation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- A Highly Selective and Sensitive Peptide-Based Fluorescent Ratio Sensor for AgJournal of fluorescence · 2021Article
- Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- The Lipocalin2 Gene is Regulated in Mammary Epithelial Cells by NFκB and C/EBP In Response to Mycoplasma.Scientific reports · 2020Article
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophages are typically stimulated by components of microbial cell walls. Surprisingly, cell wall-less mycoplasmas can also very efficiently stimulate macrophages. We showed recently that mycoplasma-derived lipopeptides constitute the active principle. We have now isolated a clone of Mycoplasma fermentans expressing mainly one macrophage-stimulating lipopeptide. This lipopeptide was detergent-extracted and isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromotography, using nitric oxide release from C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages as bioassay for detection. In contrast to "conventional" bacterial lipoproteins, this lipopeptide had a free NH2 terminus. Amino acid composition, sequence, and the molecular weight of 2,163. 3 are consistent with the following structure: S-(2, 3-bisacyloxypropyl)cysteine-GNNDESNISFKEK with one mole C16:0, and a further mole of a mixture of C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acid per lipopeptide molecule. The sequence could not be found in either the protein identification resource nor the Swiss Prot data bank. We named this 2-kD lipopeptide, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2). Synthetic dipalmitoyl MALP-2 and mycoplasma-derived MALP-2 were compared with the bioassay. Both lipopeptides showed an identical dose dependency with a half-maximal response at 10(-11) M concentration. MALP-2 may be one of the most potent natural macrophage stimulators besides endotoxin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.