ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1997
A nontoxic mutant of cholera toxin elicits Th2-type responses for enhanced mucosal immunity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 305 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of oral inactivated whole-cell Helicobacter pylori vaccine with adjuvant among volunteers with or without subclinical infection.Infection and immunity · 2001Trial
- Cationic Nanogel Coated Norovirus VLP Nasal Vaccine Induces Neutralizing Mucosal IgA and Serum IgG Antibodies.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- RecombinantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Intestinal lysozyme releases Nod2 ligand(s) to promote the intestinal mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin.Science China. Life sciences · 2021Article
- Understanding Host Immunity and the Gut Microbiota Inspires the New Development of Vaccines and Adjuvants.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Recognition of the microbiota by Nod2 contributes to the oral adjuvant activity of cholera toxin through the induction of interleukin-1β.Immunology · 2019Article
- Lipid-Based Particles: Versatile Delivery Systems for Mucosal Vaccination against Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Development of Safe and Non-Self-Immunogenic Mucosal Adjuvant by Recombinant Fusion of Cholera Toxin A1 Subunit with Protein Transduction Domain.Journal of immunology research · 2018Article
- Basophil-derived IL-6 regulates TScientific reports · 2017Article
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- Systemic and Mucosal Antibody Responses to Soluble and Nanoparticle-Conjugated Antigens Administered Intranasally.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
- Nod2-mediated recognition of the microbiota is critical for mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin.Nature medicine · 2016Article
- Nasal Administration of Cholera Toxin as a Mucosal Adjuvant Damages the Olfactory System in Mice.PloS one · 2015Article
- Immunogenicity of a West Nile virus DIII-cholera toxin A2/B chimera after intranasal delivery.Toxins · 2014Article
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- Polymyxins as novel and safe mucosal adjuvants to induce humoral immune responses in mice.PloS one · 2013Article
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- Review
- Polyethyleneimine is a potent mucosal adjuvant for viral glycoprotein antigens.Nature biotechnology · 2012Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We have characterized a nontoxic mutant of cholera toxin (CT) as a mucosal adjuvant in mice. The mutant CT was made by substitution of serine with phenylalanine at position 61 of the A subunit (S61F), which resulted in loss of ADP ribosyltransferase activity and toxicity. Mice were intranasally immunized with ovalbumin, tetanus toxoid, or influenza virus either alone or together with mutant CT S61F, native CT, or recombinant CT-B. Mice immunized with these proteins plus S61F showed high serum titers of protein-specific IgG and IgA antibodies that were comparable to those induced by native CT. Further, high protein-specific IgA antibody responses were observed in nasal and vaginal washes, saliva, and fecal extracts as well as increased numbers of IgG and IgA antibody forming cells in cervical lymph nodes and lung tissues of mice intranasally immunized with these proteins and S61F or native CT, but not with recombinant CT-B or protein alone. Both S61F and native CT enhanced the induction of ovalbumin-specific CD4(+) T cells in lung and splenic tissues, and these T cells produced a Th2-type cytokine pattern of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 as determined by analysis of secreted proteins and by quantitation of cytokine-specific mRNA. These results have shown that mutant CT S61F is an effective mucosal adjuvant when administrated intranasally and induces mucosal and systemic antibody responses which are mediated by CD4(+) Th2-type cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.