ArticleInfection and immunity1997
Comparison of the oral, rectal, and vaginal immunization routes for induction of antibodies in rectal and genital tract secretions of women.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 295 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rapid Collection of Human Rectal Secretions Using OriCol Devices Is Suitable for Measurement of Mucosal Ig without Blood Contamination.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Trial
- Comparison of sublingual therapeutic vaccine with antibiotics for the prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2015Trial
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- Phase I randomised clinical trial of an HIV-1(CN54), clade C, trimeric envelope vaccine candidate delivered vaginally.PloS one · 2011Trial
- Kinetics of local and systemic immune responses after vaginal immunization with recombinant cholera toxin B subunit in humans.Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology · 2005Trial
- Comparison of Systemic and Mucosal Synchronous Immunization with Replicating Single-cycle Adenoviruses and SOSIP Protein HIV-1 Vaccines.Research square · 2026Article
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- Formulation and Comparison of Herbal Gels Containing Essential Oils and their Antimicrobial Evaluation.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Article
- Immunity to enteric viruses.Immunity · 2022Review
- Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2022Review
- Vaginal delivery of vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2021Review
- Review
- Invaplex functions as an intranasal adjuvant for subunit and DNA vaccines co-delivered in the nasal cavity of nonhuman primates.Vaccine: X · 2021Article
- Human gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT); diversity, structure, and function.Mucosal immunology · 2021Review
- Flt3-L enhances trans-epithelial migration and antigen presentation of dendritic cells adoptively transferred to genital mucosa.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2021Article
- Oral Biologic Delivery: Advances Toward Oral Subunit, DNA, and mRNA Vaccines and the Potential for Mass Vaccination During Pandemics.Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology · 2021Review
- High-Resolution Quantitative Mapping of Macaque Cervicovaginal Epithelial Thickness: Implications for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- IL-7-Adjuvanted Vaginal Vaccine Elicits Strong Mucosal Immune Responses in Non-Human Primates.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Comparative Evaluation of Prophylactic SIV Vaccination Modalities Administered to the Oral Cavity.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2020Article
- The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2020Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To determine which mucosal immunization routes may be optimal for induction of antibodies in the rectum and female genital tract, groups of women were immunized a total of three times either orally, rectally, or vaginally with a cholera vaccine containing killed Vibrio cholerae cells and the recombinant cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit. Systemic and mucosal antibody responses were assessed at 2-week intervals by quantitation of CTB-specific antibodies in serum and in secretions collected directly from mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, rectum, cervix, and vagina with absorbent wicks. The three immunization routes increased levels of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum and specific IgA in saliva to similar extents. Rectal immunization was superior to other routes for inducing high levels of specific IgA and IgG in rectal secretions but was least effective for generating antibodies in female genital tract secretions. Only vaginal immunization significantly increased both specific IgA and specific IgG in both the cervix and the vagina. In addition, local production of CTB-specific IgG in the genital tract could be demonstrated only in vaginally immunized women. Vaginal immunization did not generate antibodies in the rectum, however. Thus, generation of optimal immune responses to sexually transmitted organisms in both the rectal and the genital mucosae of women may require local immunization at both of these sites.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.