ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1997
An apportionment of human DNA diversity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- The impact of self-identified race on epidemiologic studies of gene expression.Genetic epidemiology · 2011Trial
- Reflections on the Human Genome Diversity Project: a conversation with Marcus W. Feldman, Henry T. Greely, and Mary-Claire King.Genetics · 2026Article
- A novel simulation tool for low-coverage whole-genome sequencing using multivariate Gaussian mixture models.BMC bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Differences in gene expression may contribute to the racial differences in the risk of MASLD.PloS one · 2026Article
- Is pharmacogenetics being racialized? An investigation into the reinscription of racial beliefs in modern biomedicine.Theoretical medicine and bioethics · 2025Article
- Subcontinental genetic variation in the All of Us Research Program: Implications for biomedical research.American journal of human genetics · 2025Article
- A tale of two cultures: How L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza bridged the gap between science and the humanities.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Genes, culture, and scientific racism.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Incorporating Anti-racist Principles Throughout the Research Lifecycle: A Position Statement from the Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM).Journal of general internal medicine · 2024Review
- Developing CIRdb as a catalog of natural genetic variation in the Canary Islanders.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The apportionment of citations: a scientometric analysis of Lewontin 1972.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Population differentiation of polygenic score predictions under stabilizing selection.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Article
- A geometric relationship ofPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Diversity and its causes: Lewontin on racism, biological determinism and the adaptationist programme.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Review
- The background and legacy of Lewontin's apportionment of human genetic diversity.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Review
- Reconsidering the goals of evolution education: definingEvolution · 2022Article
- Effects of selected inherited factors on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression.Physiological research · 2021Review
- Estimating FST and kinship for arbitrary population structures.PLoS genetics · 2021Article
- WEIRD bodies: mismatch, medicine and missing diversity.Evolution and human behavior : official journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society · 2020Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It is often taken for granted that the human species is divided in rather homogeneous groups or races, among which biological differences are large. Studies of allele frequencies do not support this view, but they have not been sufficient to rule it out either. We analyzed human molecular diversity at 109 DNA markers, namely 30 microsatellite loci and 79 polymorphic restriction sites (restriction fragment length polymorphism loci) in 16 populations of the world. By partitioning genetic variances at three hierarchical levels of population subdivision, we found that differences between members of the same population account for 84.4% of the total, which is in excellent agreement with estimates based on allele frequencies of classic, protein polymorphisms. Genetic variation remains high even within small population groups. On the average, microsatellite and restriction fragment length polymorphism loci yield identical estimates. Differences among continents represent roughly 1/10 of human molecular diversity, which does not suggest that the racial subdivision of our species reflects any major discontinuity in our genome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.