Trial reportCancer research1997
Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer.
Trial report in Cancer research, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 413 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- High immune response rates and decreased frequencies of regulatory T cells in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients after tumor cell vaccination.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2013Trial
- Phase 1/2 trial of autologous tumor mixed with an allogeneic GVAX vaccine in advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.Cancer gene therapy · 2006Trial
- Technical hurdles in a pilot clinical trial of combined B7-2 and GM-CSF immunogene therapy for glioblastomas and melanomas.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2006Trial
- Vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor generates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1998Trial
- IL-18-armed oncolytic vaccinia virus remodels the suppressive microenvironment via macrophage and Treg modulation in lymphoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Biomarkers for predicting and monitoring the efficacy of cancer vaccines.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing non-secreted decoy-resistant IL-18 mutein elicits potent antitumor effects with enhanced safety.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- CD301b+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells mediate resistance to radiotherapy.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Risk of autoimmunity, cancer seeding, and adverse events in human trials of whole-tissue autologous therapeutic vaccines.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2025Review
- Immune Cell Migration to Cancer.Cells · 2024Review
- Review
- Defining the Emergence of New Immunotherapy Approaches in Breast Cancer: Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Immunotherapies against HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2023Review
- Sex-specific hormone changes during immunotherapy and its influence on survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2021Article
- A Combination of GM-CSF and Released Factors from Gamma-Irradiated Tumor Cells Enhances the Differentiation of Macrophages from Bone Marrow Cells and Their Antigen-Presenting Function and Polarization to Type 1.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Cancer Vaccines, Treatment of the Future: With Emphasis on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Combining therapeutic vaccines with chemo- and immunotherapies in the treatment of cancer.Expert opinion on drug discovery · 2021Review
- Autologous cancer cell vaccination, adoptive T-cell transfer, and interleukin-2 administration results in long-term survival for companion dogs with osteosarcoma.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2020Article
- Novel approaches for the design, delivery and administration of vaccine technologies.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Review
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced, irradiated tumor vaccines induce potent, T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in preclinical models. We report the initial results of a Phase I trial evaluating this strategy for safety and the induction of immune responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients were treated in a randomized, double-blind dose-escalation study with equivalent doses of autologous, irradiated RCC vaccine cells with or without ex vivo human GM-CSF gene transfer. The replication-defective retroviral vector MFG was used for GM-CSF gene transfer. No dose-limiting toxicities were encountered in 16 fully evaluable patients. GM-CSF gene-transduced vaccines were equivalent in toxicity to nontransduced vaccines up to the feasible limits of autologous tumor vaccine yield. No evidence of autoimmune disease was observed. Biopsies of intradermal sites of injection with GM-CSF gene-transduced vaccines contained distinctive macrophage, dendritic cell, eosinophil, neutrophil, and T-cell infiltrates similar to those observed in preclinical models of efficacy. Histological analysis of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in patients vaccinated with GM-CSF-transduced vaccines demonstrated an intense eosinophil infiltrate that was not observed in patients who received nontransduced vaccines. An objective partial response was observed in a patient treated with GM-CSF gene-transduced vaccine who displayed the largest delayed-type hypersensitivity conversion. No replication-competent retrovirus was detected in vaccinated patients. This Phase I study demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and bioactivity of an autologous GM-CSF gene-transduced tumor vaccine for RCC patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
9108457PMC4084516W1610624614What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.