ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine1997
Interleukin (IL)-6 directs the differentiation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 251 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
251 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 821 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral cytokine levels as novel predictors of survival in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- IL-6 Mediated Transcriptional Programming of Naïve CD4+ T Cells in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Drives Dysregulated Effector Function.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Modulation of dendritic cell innate and adaptive immune functions by oral and sublingual immunotherapy.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2014Trial
- Ribavirin increases mitogen- and antigen-induced expression of CD40L on CD4+ T cells in vivo.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2002Trial
- Lipid nanoparticles as active biointerfaces: From membrane interaction to systemic dysregulation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- RAD51 stabilizes neutrophil extracellular traps to compartmentalize inflammation.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- S. aureus exposure during cutaneous antigen sensitization causes basophil- and interleukin-4-dependent exaggerated food anaphylaxis.Immunity · 2025Article
- The controversial role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in cancer therapy.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- The PE/PPE family proteins ofFrontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Age-specific dynamics of neutralizing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines in response to La Crosse virus infection in mice.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Sex-Related Differences in the Immune System Drive Differential Responses to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- IL-6 deficiency accelerates cerebral cryptococcosis and alters glial cell responses.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Review
- Targeting MELK improves PD-1 blockade efficiency in cervical cancer via enhancing antitumor immunity.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2024Article
- Black Phosphorus Accelerates Bone Regeneration Based on Immunoregulation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Pretransplant, Th17 dominant alloreactivity in highly sensitized kidney transplant candidates.Frontiers in transplantation · 2024Article
- Article
- Immunisation with Neospora caninum subunits rsNcSAG4 and rsNcGRA1 (NcSAG4 and NcGRA1 epitopes construct) in BALB/c mice: the profile of the immune response and controlling the vertical transmission.Parasitology research · 2023Article
- Interleukin-6 in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Janus-Faced Player in Damage and Repair.Journal of neurotrauma · 2023Review
- Th2/Th17 cell associated cytokines found in seroma fluids after breast cancer surgery.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2023Article
191 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 is the most potent factor that causes naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate to the T helper cell (Th) 2 phenotype, while IL-12 and interferon gamma trigger the differentiation of Th1 cells. However, the source of the initial polarizing IL-4 remains unclear. Here, we show that IL-6, probably secreted by antigen-presenting cells, is able to polarize naive CD4+ T cells to effector Th2 cells by inducing the initial production of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells. These results show that the nature of the cytokine (IL-12 or IL-6), which is produced by antigen-presenting cells in response to a particular pathogen, is a key factor in determining the nature of the immune response.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.