Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1997
Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 673 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review regarding metabolic profiling for improved pathophysiological understanding of disease and outcome prediction in respiratory infections.Respiratory research · 2015Pooled it
- A randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress and endothelial function in HIV-infected older adults receiving antiretroviral treatment.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Trial
- Effects of N-acetylcysteine, oral glutathione (GSH) and a novel sublingual form of GSH on oxidative stress markers: A comparative crossover study.Redox biology · 2015Trial
- N-acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target of rapamycin in T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Arthritis and rheumatism · 2012Trial
- Evaluation of high-protein supplementation in weight-stable HIV-positive subjects with a history of weight loss: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2008Trial
- Liposomal Glutathione Exhibits Direct and Intracellular Antimycobacterial Activity AgainstBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Glutathione Impacts Both Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Virulence and Amphibian Cellular Defense in a Chytridiomycosis Model.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Glutathione impacts bothbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in Patients with HIV Infection and HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Glycation metabolites predict incident age-related comorbidities and mortality in older people with HIV.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Resveratrol inhibits African swine fever virus replicationEmerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Platinum Nanoparticles Loaded in Polydopamine-Modified Porous Coordination Network-224 with Peroxidase-Like Activity for Sensitive Glutathione Detection.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Dual Fluorimetric Sensor for Tandem Detection of Cadmium and Cysteine: An Approach for Designing a Molecular Keypad Lock System.Journal of fluorescence · 2025Article
- MercuryMikrochimica acta · 2024Article
- N-acetylcysteine Clinical Applications.Cureus · 2024Review
- Modular Polymerase Synthesis and Internal Protein Domain Swapping via Dual Opposed Frameshifts in the Ebola Virus L Gene.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Research Progress of Fluorescent Probes for Detection of Glutathione (GSH): Fluorophore, Photophysical Properties, Biological Applications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Studying the Changes in Physical Functioning and Oxidative Stress-Related Molecules in People Living with HIV after Switching from Triple to Dual Therapy.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Role of Glutathione in the Management of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Individuals with HIV.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Preparation, Structural Identification, and Screening of Egg-Derived Peptides with Facilitating Alcohol Metabolism Activity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide, is essential for the viability and function of virtually all cells. In vitro studies showing that low GSH levels both promote HIV expression and impair T cell function suggested a link between GSH depletion and HIV disease progression. Clinical studies presented here directly demonstrate that low GSH levels predict poor survival in otherwise indistinguishable HIV-infected subjects. Specifically, we show that GSH deficiency in CD4 T cells from such subjects is associated with markedly decreased survival 2-3 years after baseline data collection (Kaplan-Meier and logistic regression analyses, P < 0.0001 for both analyses). This finding, supported by evidence demonstrating that oral administration of the GSH prodrug N-acetylcysteine replenishes GSH in these subjects and suggesting that N-acetylcysteine administration can improve their survival, establishes GSH deficiency as a key determinant of survival in HIV disease. Further, it argues strongly that the unnecessary or excessive use of acetaminophen, alcohol, or other drugs known to deplete GSH should be avoided by HIV-infected individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.