ArticleThe Journal of cell biology1996
Three-dimensional reconstruction of painted human interphase chromosomes: active and inactive X chromosome territories have similar volumes but differ in shape and surface structure.
Article in The Journal of cell biology, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 219 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sequential-GAM constructs the single-cell geometric 3D genome structure.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Review
- Hbo1 and Msl complexes preserve differential compaction and H3K27me3 marking of active and inactive X chromosomes during mitosis.Nature cell biology · 2025Article
- Xist condensates: perspectives for therapeutic intervention.Genome biology · 2025Review
- Multifaceted role of CTCF in X-chromosome inactivation.Chromosoma · 2024Review
- The New Era of Cancer Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Review
- Replication dynamics identifies the folding principles of the inactive X chromosome.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Combined optical fluorescence microscopy and X-ray tomography reveals substructures in cell nuclei in 3D.Biomedical optics express · 2022Article
- The Molecular and Nuclear Dynamics of X-Chromosome Inactivation.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2022Review
- Gene regulation in time and space during X-chromosome inactivation.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2022Review
- Chromosome length and gene density contribute to micronuclear membrane stability.Life science alliance · 2022Article
- Simulation of Different Three-Dimensional Models of Whole Interphase Nuclei Compared to Experiments - A Consistent Scale-Bridging Simulation Framework for Genome Organization.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2022Article
- Altered nuclear architecture in blood cells from Huntington's disease patients.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Long Noncoding RNAs-Crucial Players Organizing the Landscape of the Neuronal Nucleus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Nonequilibrium Biophysical Processes Influence the Large-Scale Architecture of the Cell Nucleus.Biophysical journal · 2020Article
- Dynamic reversal of random X-Chromosome inactivation during iPSC reprogramming.Genome research · 2019Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study provides a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of differences between the 3D morphology of active and inactive human X interphase chromosomes (Xa and Xi territories). Chromosome territories were painted in formaldehyde-fixed, three-dimensionally intact human diploid female amniotic fluid cell nuclei (46, XX) with X-specific whole chromosome compositive probes. The colocalization of a 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-stained Barr body with one of the two painted X territories allowed the unequivocal discrimination of the inactive X from its active counterpart. Light optical serial sections were obtained with a confocal laser scanning microscope. 3D-reconstructed Xa territories revealed a flatter shape and exhibited a larger and more irregular surface when compared to the apparently smoother surface and rounder shape of Xi territories. The relationship between territory surface and volume was quantified by the determination of a dimensionless roundness factor (RF). RF and surface area measurements showed a highly significant difference between Xa and Xi territories (P < 0.001) in contrast to volume differences (P > 0.1). For comparison with an autosome of similar DNA content, chromosome 7 territories were additionally painted. The 3D morphology of the chromosome 7 territories was similar to the Xa territory but differed strongly from the Xi territory with respect to RF and surface area (P < 0.001).
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