ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)1996
Use of ankle brachial pressure index to predict cardiovascular events and death: a cohort study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01821131 (A Dose Response, Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind, Cross-over Trial to Determine the LDL Cholesterol Lowering Effect of Ground Flaxseed in Adults With Above Optimal Plasma LDL Concentrations), which is not on this map. Cited by 102 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Dose Response, Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind, Cross-over Trial to Determine the LDL Cholesterol Lowering Effect of Ground Flaxseed in Adults With Above Optimal Plasma LDL Concentrations
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 525 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic People In Vivo: Measurements Suitable for Biomarker and Mendelian Randomization Studies.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2024Pooled it
- Usual blood pressure, peripheral arterial disease, and vascular risk: cohort study of 4.2 million adults.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015Pooled it
- Guideline
- Pooled it
- The prognosis of non-critical limb ischaemia: a systematic review of population-based evidence.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 1999Pooled it
- Exercise-induced miR-126 expression improves vascular health in prediabetes: A randomized controlled trial.Experimental physiology · 2026Trial
- Low-intensity ultrasound induces angiogenesis by activating endothelial integrin signaling in male mice.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Saudi Heart Association Position Statement on Early Detection of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Clinical Practice.Journal of the Saudi Heart Association · 2025Article
- Association Between the Presence of Coronary Artery Disease or Peripheral Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Mass in Patients Who Have Undergone Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography.Cardiology research · 2023Article
- Examination of Lower Limb Microcirculation in Diabetic Patients with and without Intermittent Claudication.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Sex-specific associations between cardiovascular risk factors and physical function: the Gambian Bone and Muscle Ageing Study.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2023Article
- Association between corrected QT interval and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in elderly patients who had undergone endovascular therapy for lower extremity arterial disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Peripheral Artery Disease and Subsequent Risk of Infectious Disease in Older Individuals: The ARIC Study.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2022Article
- Plasma Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolites Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease and Major Adverse Cardiac Events.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Individual and joint effects of borderline ankle-brachial index and high plasma total homocysteine on all-cause death in hypertensive adults.Journal of geriatric cardiology : JGC · 2022Article
- Long-term impact of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with intermittent claudication due to peripheral artery disease following endovascular treatment.Heart and vessels · 2021Article
- Long-Term (7-Year) Clinical Implications of Newly Unveiled Asymptomatic Abnormal Ankle-Brachial Index in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
- Pre-operative ankle-brachial index for cardiovascular risk assessment in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients: a simple and elegant strategy!BMC surgery · 2021Article
- Epidemiological Research Advances in Vascular Calcification in Diabetes.Journal of diabetes research · 2021Review
- Association of severity of coronary artery disease by SYNTAX score (SS) and lower extremity arterial disease by duplex ultrasound (DUS) study-an Indian perspective.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2020Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether a low ankle brachial pressure index is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and death, and whether the prediction of such events could be improved by including this index.
designCohort study.
setting11 practices in Edinburgh, Scotland. SUBJECTS: 1592 men and women aged 55-74 years selected at random from the age-sex registers of 11 general practices and followed up for 5 years.
main outcome measuresIncidence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events and all cause mortality.
resultsAt baseline 90 (5.7%) of subjects had an ankle brachial pressure index < or = 0.7, 288 (18.2%) had an index < or = 0.9, and 566 (35.6%) < or = 1.0. After five years subjects with an index < or = 0.9 at baseline had an increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction (relative risk 1.38, 95% confidence interval 0.88 to 2.16), stroke (1.98, 1.05 to 3.77), cardiovascular death (1.85, 1.15 to 2.97), and all cause mortality (1.58, 1.14 to 2.18) after adjustment for age, sex, coronary disease, and diabetes at baseline. The ability to predict subsequent events was greatly increased by combining the index with other risk factors--for example, hypertensive smokers with normal cholesterol concentrations had a positive predictive value of 25.0%, increasing to 43.8% in subjects with a low index and decreasing to 15.6% in those with a normal index.
conclusionThe ankle brachial pressure index is a good predictor of subsequent cardiovascular events, and improves on predictions by conventional risk factors alone. It is simple and accurate and could be included in routine screening of cardiovascular status.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.