ArticleInfection and immunity1996
Bacteroides fragilis toxin rapidly intoxicates human intestinal epithelial cells (HT29/C1) in vitro.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systemic review of the role of enterotoxic Bacteroides fragilis in colorectal cancer.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- The Ambivalent Nature ofToxins · 2025Review
- Article
- Screening and epitope characterization of diagnostic nanobody against total and activatedFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The gastrointestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2021Review
- Secreted autotransporter toxin (Sat) induces cell damage during enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection.PloS one · 2020Article
- Isolation, Detection, and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in Clinical Samples.The open microbiology journal · 2016Article
- Bacteroides fragilis subverts mucosal biology: from symbiont to colon carcinogenesis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2014Review
- Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli secretes plasmid encoded toxin.BioMed research international · 2014Article
- Structure, function and latency regulation of a bacterial enterotoxin potentially derived from a mammalian adamalysin/ADAM xenolog.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2011Article
- Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a rogue among symbiotes.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2009Review
- Association of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis infection with inflammatory diarrhea.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2008Article
- The Bacteroides fragilis toxin binds to a specific intestinal epithelial cell receptor.Infection and immunity · 2006Article
- Diversity of the metalloprotease toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Identification of a third metalloprotease toxin gene in extraintestinal isolates of Bacteroides fragilis.Infection and immunity · 1999Article
- Cytoskeletal effects induced by pet, the serine protease enterotoxin of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli.Infection and immunity · 1999Article
- Article
- Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin cleaves the zonula adherens protein, E-cadherin.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1998Article
- Molecular characterization of the fragilysin pathogenicity islet of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis.Infection and immunity · 1998Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis strains associated with childhood diarrhea produce a 20-kDa protein toxin (BFT). Purified BFT causes striking morphologic changes in subconfluent human colonic epithelial cells (HT29/C1). In a 3-h HT29/C1 cell assay, the estimated half-maximal effective concentration of BFT was 12.5 pM, and morphologic effects were detectable as early as 30 min and nearly complete by 1.5 h. Concentrations as low as 0.5 pM could also cause intoxication, but morphologic changes were detectable only when the assay was extended to 18 h. The onset of this intoxication was concentration dependent and rapid, occurring within minutes (<7 min at 0.25 nM, <2 min at 2.5 nM). Notably, the onset of intoxication at 37 degrees C became irreversible to washing within 2 min after exposure to BFT. Morphologic changes were completely inhibited by treatment of HT29/C1 cells with BFT at 4 degrees C but could be demonstrated by subsequent warming to temperatures of 15 degrees C or higher after washing. The time required for the association of BFT with HT29/C1 cells at 4 degrees C was inversely correlated with concentration. Inhibitors of endosomal and Golgi trafficking (NH4Cl and brefeldin A) prevented the intoxication of HT29/C1 cells by Clostridium difficile toxin A and cholera toxin, respectively, but not by BFT. Agents altering microtubule structure did not affect the cellular activity of BFT. These data indicate that a purified toxin from B. fragilis strains associated with diarrhea rapidly and irreversibly intoxicates human intestinal epithelial cells (HT29/C1) in a concentration- and temperature-dependent manner and that the process of intoxication may not involve internalization mechanisms utilizing microtubules or sensitive to pH or brefeldin A.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.