ArticlePreventive medicine
Gene-environment interaction: definitions and study designs.
Article in Preventive medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 139 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
139 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 324 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gene-Environment Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Human Epidemiologic Studies.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2025Pooled it
- The association between the built environment and intervention-facilitated physical activity: a narrative systematic review.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2022Pooled it
- Role of the CommonGenes · 2020Pooled it
- Interactions Between Variation in Candidate Genes and Environmental Factors in the Etiology of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: a Systematic Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP), a multi-site longitudinal cohort study focused on gene-environment interaction: objectives, sample characteristics, recruitment and assessment methods.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2012Trial
- Trial
- Environmental drivers of metabolomic profiles within and between cryptic lineages of Montastraea cavernosa, the great star coral.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Associations of vegetarianism with circulating lipids across varying genetic capacity: a cross-sectional Polygenic Score-by-Vegetarianism interaction study in UK Biobank.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Genetic Polymorphisms as Modifiers of Health Risks from Exposure to Toxic Elements: A Traditional Literature Review.Toxics · 2026Review
- The geometry of G × E: How scaling and endogenous treatment effects shape interaction direction.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Review
- Parental behavior, adult attachment, and DNA methylation of the MT2 oxytocin receptor gene region - The moderating role of neuroticism.PloS one · 2026Article
- Interaction between genetic predisposition to successful ageing and chronic air pollution on lung disease in elderly women: results of the German SALIA cohort.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Incorporating additive genetic effects and linkage disequilibrium information to discover gene-environment interactions using BV-LDER-GE.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Gene-environment interaction analysis in atopic eczema: evidence from large population datasets and modellingmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Integrative Mendelian randomization for detecting exposure-by-group interactions using group-specific and combined summary statistics.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Kinship Decouple and Phenotype Selection (KDPS): a tool for phenotype-aware decoupling of related subjects.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Analysis of lifespan across diversity outbred mouse studies identifies multiple longevity-associated loci.Genetics · 2025Article
- Review
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Study of gene-environment interaction is important for improving accuracy and precision in the assessment of both genetic and environmental influences. This overview presents a simple definition of gene-environment interaction and suggests study designs for detecting it. Gene-environment interaction is defined as "a different effect of an environmental exposure on disease risk in persons with different genotypes," or, alternatively, "a different effect of a genotype on disease risk in persons with different environmental exposures." Under this strictly statistical definition, the presence or absence of interaction depends upon the scale of measurement (additive or multiplicative). The decision of which scale is appropriate will be governed by many factors, including the main objective of an investigation (discovery of etiology, public health prediction, etc.) and the hypothesized pathophysiologic model. Five biologically plausible models are described for the relations between genotypes and environmental exposures, in terms of their effects on disease risk. Each of these models leads to a different set of predictions about disease risk in individuals classified by presence or absence of a high-risk genotype and environmental exposure. Classification according to the exposure is relatively easy, using conventional epidemiologic methods. Classification according to the high-risk genotype is more difficult, but several alternative strategies are suggested.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.