ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1996
Real time observation of anaphase in vitro.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microtubule depolymerization at kinetochores restricts anaphase spindle elongation.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- Xenopus laevis Egg Extract Preparation and Live Imaging Methods for Visualizing Dynamic Cytoplasmic Organization.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2021Article
- The power of amphibians to elucidate mechanisms of size control and scaling.Experimental cell research · 2020Review
- Cell cycle oscillators underlying orderly proteolysis of E2F8.Molecular biology of the cell · 2020Article
- Anaphase B.Biology · 2016Review
- Mechanism for Anaphase B: Evaluation of "Slide-and-Cluster" versus "Slide-and-Flux-or-Elongate" Models.Biophysical journal · 2015Article
- A single Drosophila embryo extract for the study of mitosis ex vivo.Nature protocols · 2013Article
- Biophysics of mitosis.Quarterly reviews of biophysics · 2012Review
- Functional states of kinetochores revealed by laser microsurgery and fluorescent speckle microscopy.Molecular biology of the cell · 2011Article
- Nuclear import of an intact preassembled proteasome particle.Molecular biology of the cell · 2011Article
- The perpetual movements of anaphase.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2010Review
- CaM kinase II initiates meiotic spindle depolymerization independently of APC/C activation.The Journal of cell biology · 2008Article
- Changes in regulatory phosphorylation of Cdc25C Ser287 and Wee1 Ser549 during normal cell cycle progression and checkpoint arrests.Molecular biology of the cell · 2005Article
- Measuring the stoichiometry and physical interactions between components elucidates the architecture of the vertebrate kinetochore.Molecular biology of the cell · 2005Article
- Stabilization of microtubule dynamics at anaphase onset promotes chromosome segregation.Nature · 2005Article
- Centrosome fragments and microtubules are transported asymmetrically away from division plane in anaphase.The Journal of cell biology · 2005Article
- Cyclin B degradation leads to NuMA release from dynein/dynactin and from spindle poles.EMBO reports · 2004Article
- Recovery, visualization, and analysis of actin and tubulin polymer flow in live cells: a fluorescent speckle microscopy study.Biophysical journal · 2003Article
- The condensin complex is required for proper spindle assembly and chromosome segregation in Xenopus egg extracts.The Journal of cell biology · 2003Article
- The CeCDC-14 phosphatase is required for cytokinesis in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo.The Journal of cell biology · 2002Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We used digital fluorescence microscopy to make real-time observations of anaphase chromosome movement and changes in microtubule organization in spindles assembled in Xenopus egg extracts. Anaphase chromosome movement in these extracts resembled that seen in living vertebrate cells. During anaphase chromosomes moved toward the spindle poles (anaphase A) and the majority reached positions very close to the spindle poles. The average rate of chromosome to pole movement (2.4 microns/min) was similar to earlier measurements of poleward microtubule flux during metaphase. An increase in pole-to-pole distance (anaphase B) occurred in some spindles. The polyploidy of the spindles we examined allowed us to observe two novel features of mitosis. First, during anaphase, multiple microtubule organizing centers migrated 40 microns or more away from the spindle poles. Second, in telophase, decondensing chromosomes often moved rapidly (7-23 microns/min) away from the spindle poles toward the centers of these asters. This telophase chromosome movement suggests that the surface of decondensing chromosomes, and by extension those of intact nuclei, bear minus-end-directed microtubule motors. Preventing the inactivation of Cdc2/cyclin B complexes by adding nondegradable cyclin B allowed anaphase A to occur at normal velocities, but reduced the ejection of asters from the spindles, blocked chromosome decondensation, and inhibited telophase chromosome movement. In the presence of nondegradable cyclin B, chromosome movement to the poles converted bipolar spindles into pairs of independent monopolar spindles, demonstrating the role of sister chromatid linkage in maintaining spindle bipolarity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.